Non-display uses of copyright works: Google Books and beyond

Copyright @ 2011 The AuthorsWith the advent of mass digitisation projects, such as the Google Book Search, a peculiar shift has occurred in the way that copyright works are dealt with. Contrary to what has so far been the case, works are turned into machine-readable data to be automatically processed for various purposes without the expression of works being displayed to the public. In the Google Book Settlement Agreement, this new kind of uses is referred to as “non-display uses” of digital works. The legitimacy of these uses has not yet been tested by Courts and does not comfortably fit in the current copyright doctrine, plainly because the works are not used as works but as something else, namely as data. Since non-display uses may prove to be a very lucrative market in the near future, with the potential to affect the way people use copyright works, we examine non-display uses under the prism of copyright principles to determine the boundaries of their legitimacy. Through this examination, we provide a categorisation of the activities carried out under the heading of “non-display uses”, we examine their lawfulness under the current copyright doctrine and approach the phenomenon from the spectrum of data protection law as could apply, by analogy, to the use of copyright works as processable data

Results and prospects for Charm Physics at LHCb

Precision measurements in charm physics offer a window into a unique sector of potential New Physics interactions. LHCb is well equipped to take advantage of the enormous production cross-section of charm mesons in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. The measurement of the $D^0 -\bar{D}^0$ mixing parameters and the search for CP-violation in the charm sector are key physics goals of the LHCb programme. The first CP violation measurements in the charm sector, with 37 pb$^{-1}$ of data collected in 2010, are discussed. The study of $D^+ \rightarrow K^- K^+ \pi^+$ decays shows no indication of CP violation. The measurement of the proper time asymmetry in the time dependent analysis of $D^0\rightarrow K^-K^+$ and $\bar{D}^0\rightarrow K^-K^+$ is evaluated to be $A_{\Gamma}=(-5.9 \pm 5.9_{stat} \pm 2.1_{syst})$. The difference of CP asymmetry in the time integrated rates of $D^0\rightarrow K^-K^+$ and $D^0\rightarrow \pi^- \pi^+$ decays is measured to be $(-0.28 \pm 0.70_{stat} \pm 0.25_{syst})$.Comment: To be published in the proceedings of DPF-2011 Conference, Providence, RI, August 8-13, 201

Search engine liability for autocomplete suggestions: personality, privacy and the power of the algorithm

This article is concerned with the liability of search engines for algorithmically produced search suggestions, such as through Google’s ‘autocomplete’ function. Liability in this context may arise when automatically generated associations have an offensive or defamatory meaning, or may even induce infringement of intellectual property rights. The increasing number of cases that have been brought before courts all over the world puts forward questions on the conflict of fundamental freedoms of speech and access to information on the one hand, and personality rights of individuals— under a broader right of informational self-determination—on the other. In the light 15 of the recent judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) in Google Spain v AEPD, this article concludes that many requests for removal of suggestions including private individuals’ information will be successful on the basis of EU data protection law, even absent prejudice to the person concerned

Costs of publicly provided maternity services in Rosario, Argentina

This material is posted here with permission of the publishers, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material must be obtained from the Publisher.Objective. This study estimates the costs of maternal health services in Rosario, Argentina. Material and Methods. The rovider costs (US$1999) of antenatal care, a normal vaginal delivery and a caesarean section, were evaluated retrospectively in two municipal hospitals. The cost of an antenatal visit was evaluated in two health centres and the patient costs associated with the visit were evaluated in a hospital and a health centre. Results. The average cost per hospital day is$114.62. The average cost of a caesarean section ($525.57) is five times greater than that of a normal vaginal delivery ($105.61). A normal delivery costs less at the general hospital and a c-section less at the aternity hospital. The average cost of an antenatal visit is $31.10. The provider cost is lower at the health centre than at the hospital. Personnel accounted for 72-94$4.70. Direct costs are minimal compared to indirect costs of travel and waiting time. Conclusions. These results suggest the potential for increasing the efficiency of resource use by promoting antenatal care visits at the primary level. Women could also benefit from reduced travel and waiting time. Similar benefits could accrue to the provider by encouraging normal delivery at general hospitals, and complicated deliveries at specialised maternity hospitals.Josephine Borghi is funded by the Department for International Development through the Maternal Health Programme at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. This project was conducted for and funded by the Human Reproduction Programme at WHO, Geneva

Evaluation of the recovery 15n-ammonium nitrate in capim-Marandu grass pasture and corn cultivated in a crop-livestock integration.

The study aimed at evaluating the total nitrogen accumulation and the nitrogen accumulated in the intercropping corn and B. brizantha evaluating the total nitrogen concentration from the fertilizer ammonium nitrate under different rates (15NH4NO3) applied in the forages plants after corn harvest, and the residual effect of this practice in the following corn crop in the next growing season

Hybrid Pixel Detector Development for the Linear Collider Vertex Tracker

In order to fully exploit the physics potential of the future high energy e+e- linear collider, a Vertex Tracker able to provide particle track extrapolation with very high resolution is needed. Hybrid Si pixel sensors are an attractive technology due to their fast read-out capabilities and radiation hardness. A novel pixel detector layout with interleaved cells has been developed to improve the single point resolution. Results of the characterisation of the first processed prototypes by electrostatic measurements and charge collection studies are discussed.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, to appear in the Proceedings of the 9th Int. Workshop on Vertex Detectors, Lake Michigan MI (USA), September~200

A Pixel Vertex Tracker for the TESLA Detector

In order to fully exploit the physics potential of a e+e- linear collider, such as TESLA, a Vertex Tracker providing high resolution track reconstruction is required. Hybrid Silicon pixel sensors are an attractive sensor technology option due to their read-out speed and radiation hardness, favoured in the high rate TESLA environment, but have been so far limited by the achievable single point space resolution. A novel layout of pixel detectors with interleaved cells to improve their spatial resolution is introduced and the results of the characterisation of a first set of test structures are discussed. In this note, a conceptual design of the TESLA Vertex Tracker, based on hybrid pixel sensors is presentedComment: 20 pages, 11 figure

Previous intercropping corn with palisadegrass in a tropical region as affecting soil fertility and annual crops nutrition and grain yields.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the introduction of perennial forage as a previous cultivation in the soil fertility and on the five followed cash crop nutrition and grain yield in a tropical region