28 research outputs found
Energy barrier versus switching field for patterned Co<sub>80</sub>Pt<sub>20</sub> alloy and Co/Pt multilayer films
Two Co/Pt multilayer samples have been fabricated with a difference in the number of bilayers, leading to a total magnetic layer thickness of 3nm and 20nm. From these films, large arrays of magnetic islands have been patterned using laser interference lithography and ion beam etching. We have investigated the switching field distribution (SFD) of approximately 80 islands and thermal switching field distribution SFDTof individual islands of both samples using the anomalous Hall effect. We compare the results of these measurements with the (SFDT) of a previously investigated alloy with a magnetic layer thickness of 20nm by comparing the results of over 1000 hysteresis loops of a single weak island and a single strong island. We found that that the energy barrier for the multilayer islands increases with increasing switching field, whereas it was previously found that the energy barrier for the alloy stays constant with varying switching fields. When comparing the two multilayer samples, we observe that the grain size, anisotropy, and switching field distribution are more or less independent on thickness, whereas the switching field at both 0K and 300K decreases with film thickness
High-salinity growth conditions promote tat-independent secretion of tat substrates in Bacillus subtilis
The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis contains two Tat translocases, which can facilitate transport of folded proteins across the plasma membrane. Previous research has shown that Tat-dependent protein secretion in B. subtilis is a highly selective process and that heterologous proteins, such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP), are poor Tat substrates in this organism. Nevertheless, when expressed in Escherichia coli, both B. subtilis Tat translocases facilitated exclusively Tat-dependent export of folded GFP when the twin-arginine (RR) signal peptides of the E. coli AmiA, DmsA, or MdoD proteins were attached. Therefore, the present studies were aimed at determining whether the same RR signal peptide-GFP precursors would also be exported Tat dependently in B. subtilis. In addition, we investigated the secretion of GFP fused to the full-length YwbN protein, a strict Tat substrate in B. subtilis. Several investigated GFP fusion proteins were indeed secreted in B. subtilis, but this secretion was shown to be completely Tat independent. At high-salinity growth conditions, the Tat-independent secretion of GFP as directed by the RR signal peptides from the E. coli AmiA, DmsA, or MdoD proteins was significantly enhanced, and this effect was strongest in strains lacking the TatAy-TatCy translocase. This implies that high environmental salinity has a negative influence on the avoidance of Tat-independent secretion of AmiA-GFP, DmsA-GFP, and MdoD-GFP. We conclude that as-yet-unidentified control mechanisms reject the investigated GFP fusion proteins for translocation by the B. subtilis Tat machinery and, at the same time, set limits to their Tat-independent secretion, presumably via the Sec pathway
Temperature dependence of the energy barrier and switching field of sub-micron magnetic islands with perpendicular anisotropy
Using the highly sensitive anomalous Hall effect we have been able to measure the reversal of a single magnetic island, of diameter 220 nm, in an array consisting of more than 80 of those islands. By repeatedly traversing the hysteresis loop, we measured the thermally induced fluctuation of the switching field of the islands at the lower and higher ends of the switching field distribution. Based on a novel easy-to-use model, we determined the switching field in the absence of thermal activation, and the energy barrier in the absence of an external field from these fluctuations. By measuring the reversal of individual dots in the array as a function of temperature, we extrapolated the switching field and energy barrier down to 0 K. The extrapolated values are not identical to those obtained from the fluctation of the switching field at room temperature, because the properties of the magnetic material are temperature dependent. As a result, extrapolating from temperature dependent measurements overestimates the energy barrier by more than a factor of two. To determine fundamental parameters of the energy barrier between magnetisation states, measuring the fluctuation of the reversal field at the temperature of application is therefore to be preferred. This is of primary importance to applications in data storagea and magnetic logic. For instance in fast switching, where the switching field in the absence of thermal activation plays a major role, or in long term data stability, which is determined by the energy barrier in the absence of an external field