Effects of intravitreal injection of APB and PDA in a <i>nob1</i> mouse.

<p>Both eyes show negative waveforms after injections. In the PDA-injected eye, the rod- and cone-driven flicker ERG OFF pathway responses are reduced. However these responses are resistant to APB. Frequency spectra indicated that the 10 Hz components in the PDA injected eye are very small.</p

The effect of the ON-channel blocker APB on the dark-adapted 10-Hz flicker ERG of a <i>cpfl1</i> mouse.

<p>The black traces show ERGs of the saline-injected control eye and the red traces show ERGs of the APB-injected contralateral eye. The threshold of flicker ERG response increases and the amplitude decreases in the APB-injected eye. The dark-adapted 10-Hz flicker ERG responses exist at the medium intensities (−2.15 ∼ −0.65 log cd-s/m²), but are absent at high intensities.</p

Dark-adapted 10-Hz flicker ERG response amplitude-intensity profiles in <i>C57BL/6</i>, <i>cpfl1</i> and <i>rho^−/−</i> mice.

<p>There are two peaks in the wild-type mice, with the first representing rod-driven and the second representing cone-driven responses (Panel A). In <i>cpfl1</i> (n = 5) mice, the rod peak still exists while the cone peak is absent. In <i>rho^−/−</i> (n = 4) mice the rod peak is absent, but the cone peak persists. The summation of the amplitude-intensity curves of the flicker ERG responses in <i>rho^−/−</i> and <i>cpfl1</i> mice mimics the profile of the <i>C57BL/6</i> (n = 5) mice. (Panel B. Bars indicate the standard deviation.).</p

Schematic diagram of retinal rod pathways.

<p>The primary rod pathway (in blue) is from rods → rod bipolar cells. The second rod pathway (in green) is from rods → cones (through gap junctions) → ON and OFF cone bipolar cells. The third rod pathway (in red) is a direct connection between rods and OFF bipolar cells.</p

Dark-adapted 10-Hz flicker ERG OFF pathway responses in mice.

<p>The black traces show the ERGs from a saline-injected eye and the blue traces show the ERGs from the contralateral APB-injected eye of a <i>C57BL/6</i> mouse. The red traces show the flicker ERGs from a saline-injected eye of a <i>nob1</i> mouse. The saline-injected eye of the wild-type mouse presents normal rod- and cone-driven flicker responses. The APB-injected <i>C57BL/6</i> mouse eye and the saline-injected <i>nob1</i> mouse eye show similar ERGs. The flicker response amplitudes decrease and the thresholds increase. In the APB-injected <i>C57BL/6</i> mouse and in the saline-injected <i>nob1</i> mouse, residual flicker responses (∼20% of the control) persist at intensity levels where signals are rod- or cone-driven.</p

The amplitude-intensity curves of the rod- and cone-driven 10-Hz flicker ERG OFF pathway responses in mice.

<p>The OFF response threshold of the APB-treated <i>C57BL/6</i> mice (n = 5) is −2.35 log cd-s/m² (Panel A). The amplitude increases with the intensity and reaches a plateau starting at −1.15 log cd-s/m². The response threshold of the APB-injected <i>rho^−/−</i> mice (n = 4) is −1.15 log cd-s/m². The flicker ERG OFF pathway responses of the APB-injected <i>cpfl1</i> mice (n = 5) are seen at a light intensity range of −2.15 ∼ −0.65 log cd-s/m². The threshold of the saline-injected <i>nob1</i> mice (n = 7) is comparable to that of the APB-injected wild-type mice. The summation of the flicker ERG amplitude-intensity curves of the APB-injected <i>rho^−/−</i> and <i>cpfl1</i> mice resembles the profile of the APB-injected <i>C57BL/6</i> mice. ((Panel B. Bars indicate the standard deviation.).</p

The effect of the ON-channel blocker APB on the light-adapted (background light 30 cd/m²) 10-Hz flicker ERG of a <i>rho^−/−</i> mouse.

<p>The black traces show ERGs of the saline-injected eye and the red traces show ERGs of the APB-injected contralateral eye. When compared with the control eye, the threshold of flicker ERG responses in the APB-injected eye increases and the amplitudes decrease.</p

Fig 6 -

(a) The capacities of lysis buffer C (pH 4 to 10), and elution buffer Q (pH 9) for extracting DNA on BP, using the new protocol. (b) DNA electrophoresis of the related samples (Marker, *lyC4,5,6,7,8,9,10BP; *lyC and the number refers to lysis buffer C and the pH of lysis buffer C). (c) The OD260/OD280 (black) and OD260/OD230 (purple) purity ratios of the related samples. (d) The capacities of lysis buffer N (pH 4 to 10), and elution buffer Q (pH 9) for extracting DNA on BP, using the new protocol. (e) DNA electrophoresis of the related samples (Marker, *lyN4,5,6,7,8,9,10BP; *lyN and the number refers to lysis buffer N and the pH of lysis buffer N). (f) The OD260/OD280 (black) and OD260/OD230 (purple) puriy ratios of the related samples.</p

The correlation model.

The correlation model.</p

The principle underlying CC (centrifuge column) and MB (magnetic bead) methods for DNA extraction.

(TIF)</p