MEI Kodierung der frühesten Notation in linienlosen Neumen

Das Optical Neume Recognition Project (ONRP) hat die digitale Kodierung von musikalischen Notationszeichen aus dem Jahr um 1000 zum Ziel – ein ambitioniertes Vorhaben, das die Projektmitglieder veranlasste, verschiedenste methodische Ansätze zu evaluieren. Die Optical Music Recognition-Software soll eine linienlose Notation aus einem der ältesten erhaltenen Quellen mit Notationszeichen, dem Antiphonar Hartker aus der Benediktinerabtei St. Gallen (Schweiz), welches heute in zwei Bänden in der Stiftsbibliothek in St. Gallen aufbewahrt wird, erfassen. Aufgrund der handgeschriebenen, linienlosen Notation stellt dieser Gregorianische Gesang den Forscher vor viele Herausforderungen. Das Werk umfasst über 300 verschiedene Neumenzeichen und ihre Notation, die mit Hilfe der Music Encoding Initiative (MEI) erfasst und beschrieben werden sollen. Der folgende Artikel beschreibt den Prozess der Adaptierung, um die MEI auf die Notation von Neumen ohne Notenlinien anzuwenden. Beschrieben werden Eigenschaften der Neumennotation, um zu verdeutlichen, wo die Herausforderungen dieser Arbeit liegen sowie die Funktionsweise des Classifiers, einer Art digitalen Neumenwörterbuchs

Phylogenetic tree and amino acid sequence alignment among the R2R3 MYB and R3 MYB regions.

<p><b>A.</b> Neighbor joining phylogenetic tree of the amino acid sequence of the R2R3 MYB regions (<i>AtWER, AtGL1, AtPAP1, GhMYB2, GhMYB25, GhMYB25-like, GhMYB36, GhMYB109</i>) and R3 MYB regions (<i>AtETC1, AtTRY, AtCPC, GhTRY, GhCPC</i>). <b>B</b>. Sequence alignment of R2R3 MYB and R3 MYB members using ClustalX software. R2 and R3 domains are marked with black bars under the corresponding residues. Three helices of both the R2 and R3 domains are indicated with red and green boxes, respectively. The conserved MYB-bHLH interaction motif on the first and second helices of the R3 domain is underlined with a blue bar. </p

Compared to the wild type, overexpression of <i>GhCPC</i> leads to delayed fiber differention and decreased fiber length in the T3 generation Wild type was separated from the T0 generation.

<p><b>A, B</b> and <b>C</b> respectively show significantly different expression of <i>GhCPC, GhHOX3</i> and <i>GhRDL1</i> in CPC sense transgenic lines S21-2 and wild type. <b>D</b>, Different initial development of fiber cells of 0 DPA between CPC-overexpression T3 S21-2 and wild type . <b>a, b, c</b> Wild type ovules exhibited normal differentiation and rapid emergence of fiber cells from the surface (<b>a</b>-<b>c</b>). However, CPC-overexpression ovules exhibited the opposite morphology in which the surfaces of ovules from the transgenic plants were smooth with no appearance of fiber initiation. The fiber cells were observed at 50×, 300× and 1,000× magnification. <b>E</b>, Mature fibers in the wild type (<b>g</b>) and S21-2 (<b>h</b>), respectively, corresponding to <b>D</b>-<b>a</b> and <b>D</b>-<b>f. F</b>, Mature fiber comparison among wild type and CPC overexpression lines. The white line represents 1 mm. <b>G</b>, Measurement of fiber length showed that the fiber length in transgenetic lines was shorter than that in the wild type. Bars represent SD of three measurements and ** represent p-value ≤ 0.01 (<i>t-</i>test). </p

Q-PCR analysis of <i>GhCPC</i> expression in two RIL populations.

<p><b>A, B</b> showed different expression pattern in 0–1 DPA ovules of pure lines of (MD17×TM-1) and (SL1-7-1×TM-1) RIL F₅ population, respectively. W, L and FL on abscissa represent linted-fuzzy, linted-fuzzless and lintless-fuzzless lines, respectively. Wa, La and FLa on abscissa represent the average expression levels in the linted-fuzzy, linted-fuzzless and lintless-fuzzless lines, respectively. </p

The R3-MYB Gene <i>GhCPC</i> Negatively Regulates Cotton Fiber Elongation

<div><p>Cotton (<i>Gossypium spp.</i>) fibers are single-cell trichomes that arise from the outer epidermal layer of seed coat. Here, we isolated a R3-MYB gene <i>GhCPC</i>, identified by cDNA microarray analysis. The only conserved R3 motif and different expression between TM-1 and fuzzless-lintless mutants suggested that it might be a negative regulator in fiber development. Transgenic evidence showed that <i>GhCPC</i> overexpression not only delayed fiber initiation but also led to significant decreases in fiber length. Interestingly, Yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed an interaction complex, in which <i>GhCPC</i> and <i>GhTTG1/4</i> separately interacted with <i>GhMYC1</i>. In transgenic plants, Q-PCR analysis showed that <i>GhHOX3</i> (<i>GL2</i>) and <i>GhRDL1</i> were significantly down regulated in −1–5 DPA ovules and fibers. In addition, Yeast one-hybrid analysis demonstrated that <i>GhMYC1</i> could bind to the E-box cis-elements and the promoter of <i>GhHOX3</i>. These results suggested that <i>GhHOX3</i> (<i>GL2</i>) might be downstream gene of the regulatory complex. Also, overexpression of <i>GhCPC</i> in tobacco led to differential loss of pigmentation. Taken together, the results suggested that <i>GhCPC</i> might negatively regulate cotton fiber initiation and early elongation by a potential CPC-MYC1-TTG1/4 complex. Although the fibers were shorter in transgenic cotton lines than in the wild type, no significant difference was detected in stem or leaf trichomes, even in cotton mutants (five naked seed or fuzzless), suggesting that fiber and trichome development might be regulated by two sets of genes sharing a similar model.</p></div

Interactions of different proteins.

<p><b>A</b>. Yeast two-hybrid assays examining the interactions between CPC, MYC1 and ribosomal proteins. The vectors pGADT7/pGBKT-53 and pGADT7/pGBKT-Lam were separately used as positive and negitave controls. <b>B</b>. Mapping of trucated domains of MYC1 to bind to CPC. As shown, both the MYB/MYC domain and the bHLH domain are required for the interaction with CPC. <b>C</b>. Of the four WD40 proteins, only TTG1 and TTG4 had weak interactions with CPC. <b>D</b>. Interactions between different function genes. <b>E</b>. Different concentrations (cell/ml) were plated onto SD/-Ade-Leu-Trp-His medium to examine the intensity of the interaction in the positve control by the yeast two-hybrid assay. </p

Protein comparison of <i>GhCPC</i> (R3 MYB) and <i>AtCPC</i> (R3 MYB).

<p><b>A.</b> Sequence alignment of <i>GhCPC</i> and <i>AtCPC</i> R3 proteins. Shaded letters indicate identical residues. Green lines shows the positions of the three helices (h1, h2, h3) forming R3 MYB. <b>B</b>. Helical diagrams of h1, h2 and h3 in GhCPC R3 and AtCPC R3 with non polar residues in blue, polar residues in yellow, acidic residues in red and basic residues in green. </p

The potential CPC-MYC1-TTG1 regulatory complex in cotton.

<p>In this network, CPC-MYC1-TTG4 complex can regulate the expression levels of <i>GhHOX3</i> and <i>GhRDL1</i> by binding to their promoters. <i>GhCPC</i> and <i>GaMYB2</i> may have opposite effects on fiber development by completely binding to <i>GhMYC1</i>. </p

Anthropogenic Halo Disturbances Alter Landscape and Plant Richness: A Ripple Effect

<div><p>Although anthropogenic landscape fragmentation is often considered as the primary threat to biodiversity, other factors such as immediate human disturbances may also simultaneously threaten species persistence in various ways. In this paper, we introduce a conceptual framework applied to recreation landscapes (RLs), with an aim to provide insight into the composite influences of landscape alteration accompanying immediate human disturbances on plant richness dynamics. These impacts largely occur at patch-edges. They can not only alter patch-edge structure and environment, but also permeate into surrounding natural matrices/patches affecting species persistence–here we term these “Halo disturbance effects” (HDEs). We categorized species into groups based on seed or pollen dispersal mode (animal- vs. wind-dispersed) as they can be associated with species richness dynamics. We evaluated the richness of the two groups and total species in our experimental landscapes by considering the distance from patch-edge, the size of RLs and the intensity of human use over a six-year period. Our results show that animal-dispersed species decreased considerably, whereas wind-dispersed species increased while their richness presented diverse dynamics at different distances from patch-edges. Our findings clearly demonstrate that anthropogenic HDEs produce ripple effects on plant, providing an experimental interpretation for the diverse responses of species to anthropogenic disturbances. This study highlights the importance of incorporating these composite threats into conservation and management strategies.</p> </div

Species richness of animal- and wind-dispersed groups, and total communities.

<p><i>A–C</i> and <i>F–H</i> represent average species richness at each distance in the two landscapes; <i>D</i> and <i>I</i> represent the change rates of each group at each distance; <i>E</i> and <i>J</i> represent overall change of each group in richness across distances from patch-edge.</p