408 research outputs found

    Production of food-grade multiple emulsions with high encapsulation yield using oscillating membrane emulsification

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    Food-grade water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsions with a volume median diameter of outer droplets of 50 − 210 μm were produced by injecting a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion at the flux of 30 L m−2 h−1 through a 10-μm pore electroplated nickel membrane oscillating at 10 − 90 Hz frequency and 0.1 − 5 mm amplitude in 2 wt% aqueous Tween® 20 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) solution. The oil phase in the primary W/O emulsion was 5 wt% PGPR (polyglycerol polyricinoleate) dissolved in sunflower oil and the content of water phase in the W/O emulsion was 30 vol%. The size of outer droplets was precisely controlled by the amplitude and frequency of membrane oscillation. Only 3 − 5% of the inner droplets with a mean diameter of 0.54 μm were released into the outer aqueous phase during membrane emulsification. A sustained release of 200 ppm copper (II) loaded in the inner aqueous phase was investigated over 7 days. 95% of Cu(II) initially present in the inner water phase was released in the first 2 days from 56-μm diameter multiple emulsion droplets and less than 15% of Cu(II) was released over the same interval from 122 μm droplets. The release rate of Cu(II) decreased with increasing the size of outer droplets and followed non-zero-order kinetics with a release exponent of 0.3 − 0.5. The prepared multiple emulsions can be used for controlled release of hydrophilic actives in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industry

    On the Significance of Process Comprehension for Conducting Targeted ICS Attacks

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    The exploitation of Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) has been described as both easy and impossible, where is the truth? Post-Stuxnet works have included a plethora of ICS focused cyber secu- rity research activities, with topics covering device maturity, network protocols, and overall cyber security culture. We often hear the notion of ICSs being highly vulnerable due to a lack of inbuilt security mechanisms, considered a low hanging fruit to a variety of low skilled threat actors. While there is substantial evidence to support such a notion, when considering targeted attacks on ICS, it is hard to believe an attacker with limited resources, such as a script kiddie or hacktivist, using publicly accessible tools and exploits alone, would have adequate knowledge and resources to achieve targeted operational process manipulation, while simultaneously evade detection. Through use of a testbed environment, this paper provides two practical examples based on a Man-In-The-Middle scenario, demonstrating the types of information an attacker would need obtain, collate, and comprehend, in order to begin targeted process manipulation and detection avoidance. This allows for a clearer view of associated challenges, and illustrate why targeted ICS exploitation might not be possible for every malicious actor

    Zero degrees: geographies of the prime meridian

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    Amino acid alignments of the species-specific OBPs clade in the E. balteatus and E. corollae. The motif of six conserved cysteines are marked with asterisks at the top. (JPEG 3067 kb

    Additional file 2: Fig. S1. of Chemosensory genes in the antennal transcriptome of two syrphid species, Episyrphus balteatus and Eupeodes corollae (Diptera: Syrphidae)

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    (A) Species distribution and annotation summaries in the E. balteatus (Ebal) and E. corollae (Ecor) antennal transcriptome assembly. (B) Gene ontology classifications of the E. balteatus and E. corollae unigenes with Blast2GO program, including categories with biological process, molecular function and cellular component. (TIFF 3397 kb

    Comparison of optimal allocations of vaccines in networks with different degree correlations .

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    <p>(a) and ; (b) and ; (c) and ; (d) and . and the maximal vaccination coverage is . Other parameters are set to the same values as in Fig. 3. Nodes are grouped into 30 groups.</p

    Overexpression of BRD7 inhibited lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and migration.

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    <p>(A) The protein expression level of BRD7 was measured by using Western blot. (B) The mRNA expression level of BRD7 was measured by using qRT-PCR. (C) Overexpression of BRD7 inhibited lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 proliferation. (D) Overexpression of BRD7 inhibited lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 migration. (E) Relative ratio of wound closure per field is shown. *p<0.05 and ***p<0.001.</p

    Cost versus for (from bottom to top) in homogeneous networks.

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    <p>(The green dotted vertical line) the theoretical solution ; (the blue short dashed line) the cost of vaccination; (the red dashed lines) the cost of treatment; and (the black solid lines) the total cost. Parameters are set as , , and . The basic per capita cost is set as and the vaccine efficacy is .</p

    The protein expression level of BRD7 was downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma tissues.

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    <p>(A) Lower of BRD7 levels in patients with lung adenocarcinoma was associated with shortened disease-free survival (hazards ratio = 0.36). (B) The protein expression level of BRD7 was measured in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and their corresponding adjacent normal tissues using Western blot.</p

    Identification of <i>Fusarium virguliforme</i> FvTox1-Interacting Synthetic Peptides for Enhancing Foliar Sudden Death Syndrome Resistance in Soybean

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    <div><p>Soybean is one of the most important crops grown across the globe. In the United States, approximately 15% of the soybean yield is suppressed due to various pathogen and pests attack. Sudden death syndrome (SDS) is an emerging fungal disease caused by <i>Fusarium virguliforme</i>. Although growing SDS resistant soybean cultivars has been the main method of controlling this disease, SDS resistance is partial and controlled by a large number of quantitative trait loci (QTL). A proteinacious toxin, FvTox1, produced by the pathogen, causes foliar SDS. Earlier, we demonstrated that expression of an anti-FvTox1 single chain variable fragment antibody resulted in reduced foliar SDS development in transgenic soybean plants. Here, we investigated if synthetic FvTox1-interacting peptides, displayed on M13 phage particles, can be identified for enhancing foliar SDS resistance in soybean. We screened three phage-display peptide libraries and discovered four classes of M13 phage clones displaying FvTox1-interacting peptides. <i>In vitro</i> pull-down assays and <i>in vivo</i> interaction assays in yeast were conducted to confirm the interaction of FvTox1 with these four synthetic peptides and their fusion-combinations. One of these peptides was able to partially neutralize the toxic effect of FvTox1 <i>in vitro</i>. Possible application of the synthetic peptides in engineering SDS resistance soybean cultivars is discussed.</p></div
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