RECENT CASE NOTES

<p><i>Notes</i>: H-sites and L-sites refer to high-tide-zone sites and low-tide-zone sites, respectively.</p><p>Results of <i>t</i>-test for effects of different stands on aboveground net primary production (ANPP), soil pH, total carbon (TC), organic and inorganic carbon (SOC and SIC, 0–100 cm), and SMBC.</p

A Combinatorial Approach to Study Solvent-Induced Self-Assembly of Mixed Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Polystyrene Brushes on Planar Silica Substrates: Effect of Relative Grafting Density

This article reports the study of the effect of relative grafting densities of two polymer chains on solvent-induced self-assembly of mixed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/polystyrene (PS) brushes through a combinatorial approach. Gradient-mixed PMMA/PS brushes were synthesized from a gradient-mixed initiator-terminated monolayer by combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and nitroxide mediated radical polymerization (NMRP) in a two-step process. The gradient-mixed initiator-terminated monolayer was fabricated by first formation of a gradient in density of an ATRP initiator through vapor diffusion followed by backfilling of an NMRP-initiator-terminated trichlorosilane. After treatment of a gradient-mixed brush whose PS Mn was slightly lower than that of PMMA with glacial acetic acid, a selective solvent for PMMA, relatively ordered nanodomains were observed in the region where the ratio of PS to PMMA grafting density (number of polymer chains/nm2) was in the range from 0.67 to 2.17 and the overall grafting density was ∼0.85 polymer chains/nm2. Contact angle hysteresis were high (≥40°) in this region and XPS studies confirmed that the PMMA chains were enriched at the outermost layer. The nanodomains are speculated to be of a micellar structure with PS chains forming the core shielded by PMMA chains

Distributions of three key parameters in different intervention cases and their percentage changes from Baseline scenarios (rural and urban), showing the Means (bar), Interquartile ranges (box) and 95% upper limits (dot) of (A) Home indoor B[<i>a</i>]Peq concentrations, sorted by PIF values; (B) Indoor/Outdoor ratios (I/O ratios) for home indoor B[<i>a</i>]Peq concentrations; and (C) Annual inhalation dose of B[<i>a</i>]Peq.

<p>Labels show the percentage reduction of the mean value of a parameter in each intervention case from the corresponding Baseline scenario. <b>Abbreviations:</b> B-r/B-u: Baseline, rural/urban; SF-r/SF-u: Smoking free, rural/urban; Ex-20-r/Ex-50-r/Ex-80-r: Exhaust while cooking, with 20%/50%/80% remaining indoors, rural; Ex-u: All households use exhaust hoods while cooking, urban; CF-Hf-r/CF-All-r: Clean fuel, Half/All households shift from solid fuel to gas for cooking, rural; IC-r/IC-u: Indoor cleaners are used to removed indoor particles, rural/urban; Atm-WHO-r/Atm-WHO-u: Atmospheric PAH concentrations are reduced to WHO guideline levels, rural/urban; Atm-Hf-u: Atmospheric PAH concentrations are halved from current levels, urban.</p

Characteristics of the patterns of the three exposures in different intervention cases and the Baseline scenarios: (A) Rates of IN-in, OUT-in and OUT-out exposures being the dominating exposure pattern; and (B) Rates of IN-in, OUT-in and OUT-out exposures composing over half of the total exposure.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> B-r/B-u: Baseline, rural/urban; SF-r/SF-u: Smoking free, rural/urban; Ex-20-r/Ex-50-r/Ex-80-r: Exhaust while cooking, with 20%/50%/80% remaining indoors, rural; Ex-u: All households use exhaust hoods while cooking, urban; CF-Hf-r/CF-All-r: Clean fuel, Half/All households shift from solid fuel to gas for cooking, rural; IC-r/IC-u: Indoor cleaners are used to removed indoor particles, rural/urban; Atm-WHO-r/Atm-WHO-u: Atmospheric PAH concentrations are reduced to WHO guideline levels, rural/urban; Atm-Hf-u: Atmospheric PAH concentrations are halved from current levels, urban.</p

Means (bar) and changes in means corresponding to a +/− standard deviation change in a certain parameter.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> B-r/B-u: Baseline, rural/urban; SF-r/SF-u: Smoking free, rural/urban; Ex-20-r/Ex-50-r/Ex-80-r: Exhaust while cooking, with 20%/50%/80% remaining indoors, rural; Ex-u: All households use exhaust hoods while cooking, urban; CF-Hf-r/CF-All-r: Clean fuel, Half/All households shift from solid fuel to gas for cooking, rural; IC-r/IC-u: Indoor cleaners are used to removed indoor particles, rural/urban; Atm-WHO-r/Atm-WHO-u: Atmospheric PAH concentrations are reduced to WHO guideline levels, rural/urban; Atm-Hf-u: Atmospheric PAH concentrations are halved from current levels, urban.</p

The population attributable fractions (PAFs) (dark column) in the Baseline scenarios, the remaining PAFs (dark column) and their percentage reductions from the Baseline (line), and the potential impact fractions (PIFs) (light column) for different interventions, sorted by PIF values.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> B-r/B-u: Baseline, rural/urban; SF-r/SF-u: Smoking free, rural/urban; Ex-20-r/Ex-50-r/Ex-80-r: Exhaust while cooking, with 20%/50%/80% remaining indoors, rural; Ex-u: All households use exhaust hoods while cooking, urban; CF-Hf-r/CF-All-r: Clean fuel, Half/All households shift from solid fuel to gas for cooking, rural; IC-r/IC-u: Indoor cleaners are used to removed indoor particles, rural/urban; Atm-WHO-r/Atm-WHO-u: Atmospheric PAH concentrations are reduced to WHO guideline levels, rural/urban; Atm-Hf-u: Atmospheric PAH concentrations are halved from current levels, urban.</p

Mean contributions of IN-in, OUT-in and OUT-out exposures for the Baseline scenarios and different intervention cases.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> B-r/B-u: Baseline, rural/urban; SF-r/SF-u: Smoking free, rural/urban; Ex-20-r/Ex-50-r/Ex-80-r: Exhaust while cooking, with 20%/50%/80% remaining indoors, rural; Ex-u: All households use exhaust hoods while cooking, urban; CF-Hf-r/CF-All-r: Clean fuel, Half/All households shift from solid fuel to gas for cooking, rural; IC-r/IC-u: Indoor cleaners are used to removed indoor particles, rural/urban; Atm-WHO-r/Atm-WHO-u: Atmospheric PAH concentrations are reduced to WHO guideline levels, rural/urban; Atm-Hf-u: Atmospheric PAH concentrations are halved from current levels, urban.</p

Median and standard deviation of the seasonal averaged atmospheric concentrations of PAHs used in this study.

<p><i>Note</i>: SD stands for standard deviation.</p

Ranges of percentage change in annual inhalation dose with a standard deviation change in selected parameters with their baseline values and standard deviations: top five most sensitive parameters for either urban or rural sub-population.

<p><i>^a</i>Outdoor concentration of some other PAH congeners could also bring percentage change of over 1% but were omitted for clarity, which included BaP, Nap, DBA, BbF, BkF, Acy in all seasons, and IP, Ant, BaA, Phe, Flu in winter. They all had smaller percentage influence than BaP in winter.</p><p><i>^b</i>Quantity of coal used could also bring percentage change of over 1% but was omitted for clarity. It had smaller percentage influence than the quantity of wood and crop residues used.</p><p><i>^c</i>SD stands for standard deviation, which is listed in brackets.</p><p><i>^d</i>Values separated by “/” are percentage changes when subtracting or adding standard deviations to the baseline values.</p><p><i>^e</i>Rankings of variables for urban and rural sub-populations respectively are listed in brackets; the table is sorted by the larger of the percentage changes in annual inhalation dose for urban and rural sub-populations.</p

Description of intervention cases in the study.

<p>Description of intervention cases in the study.</p