Trend of global TEC from 1999 to 2013.

<p>Trend of global TEC from 1999 to 2013.</p

Trend of global TEC from 1999 to 2013.

<p>Trend of global TEC from 1999 to 2013.</p

Droplet Shape Analysis and Permeability Studies in Droplet Lipid Bilayers

We apply optical manipulation to prepare lipid bilayers between pairs of water droplets immersed in an oil matrix. These droplet pairs have a well-defined geometry allowing the use of droplet shape analysis to perform quantitative studies of the dynamics during bilayer formation and to determine time-dependent values for the droplet volumes, bilayer radius, bilayer contact angle, and droplet center-line approach velocity. During bilayer formation, the contact angle rises steadily to an equilibrium value determined by the bilayer adhesion energy. When there is a salt concentration imbalance between droplets, there is a measurable change in the droplet volume. We present an analytical expression for this volume change and use this expression to calculate the bilayer permeability to water

Annual TECs from 1999–2013.

<p>Black points denote the stations that are used to estimate the GIM.</p

Monthly TECs from January to December.

<p>Monthly TECs from January to December.</p

Periodic spectrum of SSN set B.

<p>(a) is the time series of SSN. (b) is the power spectrum with Morlet wavelet. (c) is the power with the confidence of 95%.</p

Time series of TECs in the global and local regions.

<p>(a) is the time series of global TEC. (b) is TEC time series on the northern region over 45°N. (c) is TEC time series over the local region between 45°N and the equator. (d) is TEC time series over the local region between the equator and 50°S. (e) is TEC time series over the southern region over 50°S.</p

Cross wavelet power and the wavelet coherence spectrum of SSN and TEC from MJD 51179 to 56403.

<p>in which the right arrow represents the same phase, the down arrow represents the phase leading 90 degrees, the left arrow represents the anti-phase, and the up arrow represents the phase leading 270 degrees. (a) is the cross wavelet power spectrum. (b) is the wavelet coherence spectrum.</p

Spatial distribution of mean global TECs from 1999 to 2013.

<p>Black points denote the stations that are used to estimate the GIM.</p

Periodic spectrum of SSN set A.

<p>(a) is the time series of SSN. (b) is the power spectrum with Morlet wavelet. (c) is the power with the confidence of 95%.</p