SEARCH FOR CPT AND LORENTZ INVARIANCE VIOLATION IN THE MUON g-2 EXPERIMENT AT FERMILAB

The Muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab (E989) aims to measure the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, $a_{\mu}= (g-2)/2$, to a groundbreaking precision of $140$ ppb, obtaining a near four-fold increase in precision over the previous experiment, E821, at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The value of $a_{\mu}$ from BNL currently differs from the Standard Model prediction by $\sim 3.7$ standard deviations, suggesting the potential for new physics and therefore, motivating a new experiment.Because the theory predicts this number with high precision, testing the g-factor through experiment provides a stringent test of the SM and can suggest physics beyond the Standard Model. The goal of the Fermilab Muon $g-2$ experiment is to increase the statistical precision by more than a factor of 20 and reduce systematic errors by a factor of 3. By measuring muon precession rate ($\omega_a$) in an external magnetic field, the anomalous magnetic moment will be calculated. This is an incredibly challenging experiment with a unique opportunity to provide new insight into nature. \\ The $g-2$ data also provides a great opportunity for setting the most stringent limits on some of the Standard Model Extension CPT Lorentz violating (LV) parameters in the muon sector. One of the CPT and Lorentz violating signatures that we can look for using $g-2$ data is a sidereal variation of $\omega_a(t)$. Extensive simulation studies confirm that the sensitivity regarding the sidereal varation roughly scales with $\omega_a$ uncertainty. Hence, the $g-2$ experiment at FNAL should be able to reach limits of $\sim 5\times10^{-25}$ GeV. Because the CPT and LV analyses are essentially studies of variations in $\omega_a$ as a function of time and charge, performing an $\omega_a$ analysis sets the stage for the CPT and LV measurement. This dissertation focuses on the methodology of a fully functioning framework and analyzing the Fermilab Muon $g - 2$ Run 2 data containing $\sim 11$ billion events above an energy threshold of $1.7$~GeV

PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT SUMMER MUNG (Vigna radiata L.) VARIETIES SOWN AT DIFFERENT DATES UNDER MANIPUR VALLEY CONDITION

The performance of five varieties of summer mung (greengram)- DGSS-4 (V1), HUM-16 (V2), HUM-2 (V3), HUM-6 (V4) and HUM-12 (V5) under three dates of sowing- 24 th February (D1), 5 th March (D2) and 15 th March (D3) were recorded. The results indicated that sowing on D3 recorded maximum plant height (40.30 cm), number of branches plant -1 (4.14), dry matter accumulation plant -1 (14.51 g), number off nodules plant -1 (17.79), nodule dry weight (95.91 mg) and the variety, V1 recorded highest number of cluster plant -1 (6.09), pods cluster 1 (4.14), seeds pod -1 (12.03) and seed yield (1083.57 kgha -1 ) amongst all the varieties

Measurement of electrical properties of electrode materials for the bakelite Resistive Plate Chambers

Single gap (gas gap 2 mm) bakelite Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) modules of various sizes from 10 cm \times 10 cm to 1 m \times 1 m have been fabricated, characterized and optimized for efficiency and time resolution. Thin layers of different grades of silicone compound are applied to the inner electrode surfaces to make them smooth and also to reduce the surface resistivity. In the silicone coated RPCs an efficiency > 90% and time resolution \sim 2 ns (FWHM) have been obtained for both the streamer and the avalanche mode of operation. Before fabrication of detectors the electrical properties such as bulk resistivity and surface resistivity of the electrode materials are measured carefully. Effectiveness of different silicone coating in modifying the surface resistivity was evaluated by an instrument developed for monitoring the I-V curve of a high resistive surface. The results indicate definite correlation of the detector efficiency for the atmospheric muons and the RPC noise rates with the surface resistivity and its variation with the applied bias voltage. It was also found that the surface resistivity varies for different grades of silicone material applied as coating, and the results are found to be consistent with the detector efficiency and noise rate measurements done with these RPCs.Comment: 9 Pages, 6 figure

Measurement of electrical properties of electrode materials for the bakelite Resistive Plate Chambers

Single gap (gas gap 2 mm) bakelite Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) modules of various sizes from 10 cm \times 10 cm to 1 m \times 1 m have been fabricated, characterized and optimized for efficiency and time resolution. Thin layers of different grades of silicone compound are applied to the inner electrode surfaces to make them smooth and also to reduce the surface resistivity. In the silicone coated RPCs an efficiency > 90% and time resolution \sim 2 ns (FWHM) have been obtained for both the streamer and the avalanche mode of operation. Before fabrication of detectors the electrical properties such as bulk resistivity and surface resistivity of the electrode materials are measured carefully. Effectiveness of different silicone coating in modifying the surface resistivity was evaluated by an instrument developed for monitoring the I-V curve of a high resistive surface. The results indicate definite correlation of the detector efficiency for the atmospheric muons and the RPC noise rates with the surface resistivity and its variation with the applied bias voltage. It was also found that the surface resistivity varies for different grades of silicone material applied as coating, and the results are found to be consistent with the detector efficiency and noise rate measurements done with these RPCs.Comment: 9 Pages, 6 figure

Clinical, Endoscopic, and Histopathologic Gastrointestinal Disease in an American Cohort With Behçet\u27s Disease

INTRODUCTION: Behçet\u27s disease (BD) is a chronic systemic vasculitis characterized by oral and genital ulcers, uveitis, and skin lesions. Patients with BD may develop gastrointestinal (GI) disease; however, characterization of GI disease in American cohorts is lacking. In this article, we present clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic GI findings in an American cohort of patients with BD. METHODS: Patients with established BD were evaluated prospectively at the National Institutes of Health. Demographic and clinical data were collected including BD manifestations and GI symptoms. Endoscopy with histopathologic sampling was performed for both clinical and research indications with written consent. RESULTS: Eighty-three patients were evaluated. The majority were female (83.1%) and white (75.9%). Mean age was 36 ± 14.8 years. GI symptoms were reported in 75% of cohort with nearly half of reporting abdominal pain (48.2%) and significant numbers reporting acid reflux, diarrhea, and nausea/vomiting. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed in 37 patients; erythema and ulcers were the most common found abnormalities. Colonoscopy was performed in 32 patients with abnormalities including polyps, erythema, and ulcers. Endoscopy was normal in 27% of esophagogastroduodenoscopies and 47% of colonoscopies. Vascular congestion was demonstrated on the majority of random biopsies throughout the GI tract. Inflammation was not highly prevalent on random biopsies except in the stomach. Wireless capsule endoscopy was performed on 18 patients; ulcers and strictures were the most common abnormalities. DISCUSSION: GI symptoms were common in this cohort of American patients with BD. Endoscopic examination was often normal; however, histopathologic examination demonstrated vascular congestion throughout the GI tract

Physics Potential of the ICAL detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO)

The upcoming 50 kt magnetized iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is designed to study the atmospheric neutrinos and antineutrinos separately over a wide range of energies and path lengths. The primary focus of this experiment is to explore the Earth matter effects by observing the energy and zenith angle dependence of the atmospheric neutrinos in the multi-GeV range. This study will be crucial to address some of the outstanding issues in neutrino oscillation physics, including the fundamental issue of neutrino mass hierarchy. In this document, we present the physics potential of the detector as obtained from realistic detector simulations. We describe the simulation framework, the neutrino interactions in the detector, and the expected response of the detector to particles traversing it. The ICAL detector can determine the energy and direction of the muons to a high precision, and in addition, its sensitivity to multi-GeV hadrons increases its physics reach substantially. Its charge identification capability, and hence its ability to distinguish neutrinos from antineutrinos, makes it an efficient detector for determining the neutrino mass hierarchy. In this report, we outline the analyses carried out for the determination of neutrino mass hierarchy and precision measurements of atmospheric neutrino mixing parameters at ICAL, and give the expected physics reach of the detector with 10 years of runtime. We also explore the potential of ICAL for probing new physics scenarios like CPT violation and the presence of magnetic monopoles.Comment: 139 pages, Physics White Paper of the ICAL (INO) Collaboration, Contents identical with the version published in Pramana - J. Physic

Reduction of coherent betatron oscillations in a muon g-2 storage ring experiment using RF fields

This work demonstrates that two systematic errors, coherent betatron oscillations (CBO) and muon losses can be reduced through application of radio frequency (RF) electric fields, which ultimately increases the sensitivity of the muon $g-2$ experiments. As the ensemble of polarized muons goes around a weak focusing storage ring, their spin precesses, and when they decay through the weak interaction, $\mu^+ \rightarrow e^+ \nu_e \bar{\nu_\mu}$, the decay positrons are detected by electromagnetic calorimeters. In addition to the expected exponential decay in the positron time spectrum, the weak decay asymmetry causes a modulation in the number of positrons in a selected energy range at the difference frequency between the spin and cyclotron frequencies, $\omega_\text{a}$. This frequency is directly proportional to the magnetic anomaly $a_\mu =(g-2)/2$, where $g$ is the g-factor of the muon, which is slightly greater than 2. The detector acceptance depends on the radial position of the muon decay, so the CBO of the muon bunch following injection into the storage ring modulate the measured muon signal with the frequency $\omega_\text{CBO}$. In addition, the muon populations at the edge of the beam hit the walls of the vacuum chamber before decaying, which also affects the signal. Thus, reduction of CBO and unwanted muon loss increases the $a_\mu$ measurement sensitivity. Numerical and experimental studies with RF electric fields yield more than a magnitude reduction of the CBO, with muon losses comparable to the conventional method.Comment: 14 pages, 25 figure