Overview of the laboratory performance of <i>Acanthoscelides obtectus</i> on seeds of 26 sampled bean populations from Mexico (N = 5′847).

<p>N =  number of emerged <i>A. obtectus</i> or <i>D. basalis</i> females for each bean population</p><p>“NA” indicates values which could not be computed.</p><p>For each bean population the mean weight of emerged <i>A. obtectus</i>, the mean developmental time and the standard errors were recorded. For the survival rate of <i>A. obtectus</i>, the standard deviation was computed. In the case of <i>Dinarmus basalis,</i> the mean tibia length and the standard error were measured (N = 564). Parasitism rates were computed by dividing the number of emerged parasitoids by the number of potential hosts (sum of bruchids + sum of parasitoids).</p

Field data from 26 sampled bean populations in Mexico.

a<p>m.a.s.l.: meters above sea level.</p>b<p>GPS coordinates (dd: degrees; mm: minutes; ss: seconds).</p><p>“NA” indicates values which could not be computed.</p><p>For each bean population, the State of origin, GPS coordinates (latitude and longitude) and the altitude were recorded. Additionally field infestation levels of <i>Acanthoscelides</i> spp., the most dominant bruchid genus, were computed for each population by dividing the number of emerged beetles by the number of collected seeds. Parasitism rates were calculated for each bean population by dividing the number of emerged parasitoids by the number of potential hosts (sum of bruchids + sum of parasitoids). The mean tibia length ± SD of <i>H. missouriensis</i> females, the most dominant species emerging from field collected seeds, and the mean weight ± SD of <i>Acanthoscelides</i> spp. were measured for each bean population.</p

Correlation between laboratory and field performance of <i>Acanthoscelides</i> beetles.

<p>Asterisks indicate significant values.</p><p>“-“parameters were not tested.</p><p>Spearman rank tests were performed to investigate whether parameters of performance experiments with <i>A. obtectus</i> correlate with field weights of <i>Acanthoscelides</i> spp. males and females and field infestation levels. Data for bean population “ISA” and “QUES” were not included in the analysis since no insects emerged from those seeds. P-values and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient “rho” are indicated.</p

Performance experiments with <i>A. obtectus</i> on beans of 26 wild bean populations from Mexico.

a<p>degrees of freedom.</p>b<p>Wald Chi squared test.</p><p>Asterisks indicate significant values.</p><p>n.s. indicate not significant values.</p><p>50 eggs were added to each container (N = 8) and for each beetle its sex, weight and developmental time was determined. To half of the containers we added 2 pairs of <i>Dinarmus basalis</i> parasitoids. <i>A. obtectus</i> weight was analysed using an Anova table of the linear mixed effects model (lme) with bruchid weight as dependent variable and the container as random variable. Developmental time was analysed using an Analysis of deviance table (type II test) of the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with developmental time as dependent variable and container as random factor. Survival rate of <i>A. obtectus</i> was analysed using an Analysis of deviance table (type II test) of the generalized linear model (GLM). The dependent variable in the model was the number of successful emergences of beetles over the failures and the container was the random variable.</p

DataSheet_1_Early damage enhances compensatory responses to herbivory in wild lima bean.pdf

Damage by herbivores can induce various defensive responses. Induced resistance comprises traits that can reduced the damage, while compensatory responses reduce the negative effects of damage on plant fitness. Timing of damage may be essential in determining the patterns of induced defenses. Here, we tested how timing and frequency of leaf damage affect compensatory responses in wild lima bean plants in terms of growth and seed output, as well as their effects on induced resistance to seed beetles. To this end, we applied mechanical damage to plants at different ontogenetical stages, at one time point (juvenile stage only) or two time points (seedling and juvenile stage or juvenile and reproductive stage). We found that plants damaged at the seedling/juvenile stage showed higher compensatory growth, and seed output compared to plants damaged only at the juvenile stage or juvenile/reproductive stage. Seeds from plants damaged at the juvenile and juvenile/reproductive stages had fewer beetles than seeds from undamaged plants, however this was driven by a density dependent effect of seed abundance rather than a direct effect of damage treatments. We did not find differences in parasitism rate by parasitoid wasps on seed beetles among plant treatments. Our results show that damage at the seedling stage triggers compensatory responses which implies that tolerance to herbivory is enhanced or primed by early damage. Herbivory often occurs at several time points throughout plant development and this study illustrates that, for a full understanding of the factors associated with plant induced responses in a dynamic biotic environment, it is important to determine the multitrophic consequences of damage at more than one ontogenetical stage.</p

BeanCommAnalysis

BeanCommAnalysi

Bean_Communication_Data

Bean_Communication_Dat

Phylogenetic markers and models of evolution.

<p>* one individual of <i>H</i>. <i>cyaenoviridis</i> has one long indel</p><p>Phylogenetic markers used in the current study and models of evolution applied in Bayesian analyses of the full (128 specimens) and reduced dataset (38 specimens).</p

Locations sampled in Central Mexico.

<p>Locations sampled in Central Mexico with their geographical coordinates. Locations where sampled for bean species (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>, <i>P</i>.<i>coccineus</i> and P. <i>lunatus</i>) and <i>Horismenus</i> parasitoid emergence. Table shows site code for each location, state, bean species present at each location (symp(vc) = sympatric populations of <i>P</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>coccineus</i>; symp(vl) = sympatric populations of <i>P</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>lunatus</i>; allop(c) = allopatric populations of <i>P</i>. <i>coccineus</i>; allop(v) = allopatric populations of <i>P</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> and allop (cult,v) = allopatric population of cultivated <i>P</i>. <i>vulgaris</i>), bean species from which parasitoids emerged, geographical coordinates (altitude, latitude and longitude) and parasitoid species emerging from the beans (B = <i>Horismenus butcheri</i> 1, 2 or 3; D = <i>H</i>. <i>depressus</i>2 and M = <i>H</i>. <i>missourensis</i> 2, or 3.</p

A. Combined Bayesian half-compatible consensus tree of <i>Horismenus</i> based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA regions.

<p>The species of parasitoid wasps defined by the Bayesian Poisson tree process coupled with the evolutionary placement algorithm and node supports are represented. Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap support values are displayed below branches. Please see text and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136063#pone.0136063.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for abbreviations. <b>B</b>. Barplot of the nucleotide diversities of each species. This analysis does not include information provided by the gaps and species that are not represented have a nucleotide diversity of zero.</p