Estimates of apparent survival for 31 species based on 6 or 12 years of data.

<p>Estimates of apparent survival were calculated from capture and recapture data gathered at Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador. Estimates shown are for the most highly supported model. Straight line indicates equal estimates between the two sets of data. Species showing substantial differences between sets: Autinf – <i>Automolus infuscatus</i>; Chipar – <i>Chiroxiphia pareola</i>; Cyacya – <i>Cyanocompsa cyanoides</i>; Forcol – <i>Formicarius colma</i>; Mioole – <i>Mionectes oleagineus</i>; Phamal – <i>Phaethornis malaris</i>; Phiery – <i>Philydor erythrocercum</i>; Pipfil – <i>Pipra filicauda</i>; Dixpip – <i>Dixiphia pipra</i>; Pitalb - <i>Pithys albifrons</i>; Sclcau – <i>Sclerurus caudacutus</i>; Thaard - <i>Thamnomanes ardesiacus</i>; Thacae – <i>Thamnomanes caesius</i>; Turalb – <i>Turdus albicollis</i>; Xenmin – <i>Xenops minutus</i>.</p

Apparent survival rate (<i>φ</i>) estimates (and standard errors) are based on data collected on two 100-ha plots in Ecuador, 2001–2012.

<p>Results are based on the first six years of data (2001–2006; see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0081028#pone.0081028-Blake2" target="_blank">[8]</a>) and for the full 12 years. Competitive models (ΔAIC_c<2.0) are ordered by AICc rankings for the full 12-year results; corresponding results from the reduced data set of 2006 follow that ranking (estimates for some species were not calculated for the reduced data set). Estimates are shown for both the first (<i>φ₁</i>) and subsequent capture periods [<i>φ₂</i>, i.e., TSM models, e.g. <i>φ</i>(2./.)p(.)] for the full data set (2001–2012) but only <i>φ₂</i> for the reduced set (2001–2006 data).</p>a<p>I/R - number of individuals captured/number of recaptures (excluding individuals only captured during the final sample) over the 12-year period.</p>b<p>ΔAIC_c - differences in AIC_c.</p>c<p><i>w_i</i> - relative strength (weight) of evidence for selected models.</p>d<p>Model included <i>p</i>(t) rather than <i>p</i>(.).</p

The “rolled snap” display of white-bearded manakin (<i>Manacus manacus</i>) males used to attract females to display arenas.

<p>The “rolled snap” display of white-bearded manakin (<i>Manacus manacus</i>) males used to attract females to display arenas.</p

The Principal Component Analysis results.

<p>Forty-one <i>M</i>. <i>manacus</i> males at 10 leks were used in PCA.</p

Observed aggregate rolled snap rate (#/h) at each of 10 <i>M</i>. <i>manacus</i> leks are shown as solid circles.

<p>The mean (solid line) and 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines) for aggregate rolled snap rates calculated from resampling (n = 999 times) are also shown. Values above the dashed line reflect greater display rate than expected, while those below represent relatively lower display rate than expected.</p

Three hypothetical relationships depicting individual display effort for high ranking (HR) and low ranking (LR) males on leks of different sizes.

<p>Overall display effort on leks (a) increases, (b) is proportional (equal) or (c) decreases with lek size. These three examples are not meant to reflect all possibilities.</p

Theoretical relationship between lek size and overall display effort (i.e., display effort aggregated across all males on a lek).

<p>“More” indicates increased relative effort in display activity among males with increasing lek size, reflecting increased competition among males to attract mates. “Equal” and “less” reflect proportional or decreased display activity among males with increasing lek size, respectively.</p

Rolled snap rate (#/h, RS) for lowest (white circles), intermediate (gray circles), and highest ranking (black circles) <i>M</i>. <i>manacus</i> males on leks of different sizes (LS).

<p>Best fit straight lines were indicated for lowest (dashed line; RS = –1.45 + 11.17*LS; r² = 0.42, F = 7.56, p = 0.02), intermediate (gray line; RS = –19.82 + 14.38*LS; r² = 0.34, F = 11.51, p = 0.003), and highest (black line; RS = –0.4 + 11.38*LS; r² = 0.68, F = 20.52, p = 0.002) ranking males.</p

Number of resident males, recording period and ranges of a) mating success rate, b) female visits, and c) centrality of males at each of the 10 <i>Manacus manacus</i> leks.

<p>Number of resident males, recording period and ranges of a) mating success rate, b) female visits, and c) centrality of males at each of the 10 <i>Manacus manacus</i> leks.</p

TiputiniPasseriformMalariaMatrix

Association matrix of resident passerine birds and their haemosporidian (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) parasites in the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador. Sampling years 2001 - 2010