Reward and punishment received for the various response options in the rGT.

<p>Reward and punishment received for the various response options in the rGT.</p

Effect of naltrexone on other measures of the rGT for the Optimal (n = 15) and Suboptimal (n = 9) groups.

<p>Dose X Group ANOVAs revealed no significant interactions or main effects. Data presented are mean ± SEM. *Indicated a main effect of Group (p<0.05).</p

Evaluating the Impact of Naltrexone on the Rat Gambling Task to Test Its Predictive Validity for Gambling Disorder - Fig 1

<p><b>Mean + SEM percent choice of the P1 (top left panel), P2 (top right panel), P3 (bottom left panel) and P4 (bottom right panel) options.</b> Data are presented for the Optimal (n = 15; open bars) and Suboptimal (dark bars, n-9) groups. Dose X Group ANOVAs revealed a significant interaction for P1 (F(3, 66) = 3.256, p_GG = 0.047). *significant <i>t</i>-tests after correction for multiple comparisons.</p

Figure 4

<p>Influence of nicotine dose on nicotine self-administration and total nicotine intake per session under the FR 10 schedule. Number of fixed ratios completed on the active and inactive levers per session (A) and total nicotine intake per session (B) are presented as a function of injection dose of nicotine (n = 5). Each <i>symbol</i> represents the mean (±SEM) of at least three sessions under each nicotine injection dose condition *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01 post-hoc comparisons with the saline vehicle (0 µg/kg per injection) conditions.</p

Figure 1

<p>A. Monkeys sat in chambers equipped with two levers and distinctly colored light stimuli above the levers. Completion of the response requirement (the ratio) on the active lever produced a brief two-sec presentation of a light stimulus and an intravenous injection of nicotine followed by a timeout (TO) period of 5 to 60 sec. Completion of the ratio requirement on the inactive lever resulted in presentation of a brief two-sec light stimulus of a different color but no injection. The fixed-ratio (FR) response requirement was gradually increased over successive sessions from one to ten (FR 1 to FR 10). B. Mean percentage choice for responding on the active lever by monkeys when they were experimentally naive (first week under a FR 1 schedule) and when they had learned to self-administer nicotine under the FR 10, TO 60 sec schedule (first week under the FR 10 schedule). *<i>P</i><0.01, compared to first week of training.</p

Figure 5

<p>Influence of nicotine dose on nicotine self-administration and total nicotine intake per session under the progressive-ratio schedule. Number of nicotine injections per session and corresponding breaking-point values (highest ratio completed) under the progressive-ratio schedule (A) and total nicotine intake per session (B) are presented as a function of injection dose of nicotine (n = 5). Each <i>symbol</i> represents the mean (±SEM) of at least three sessions under each nicotine injection dose condition *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01 post-hoc comparisons with saline vehicle (0 µg/kg per injection) conditions.</p

Figure 3

<p>Maintenance, extinction and reacquisition of self-administration behavior over consecutive sessions under the FR 10 schedule of reinforcement. Numbers of injections per session during consecutive nicotine (10 µg/kg per injection, filled symbols) and saline self-administration sessions (open symbols) are presented. <i>Symbols</i> represent the mean (±SEM) number of ratios completed on the active (circle) or inactive (triangle) levers per session from five squirrel monkeys. *<i>P</i><0.05, compared to nicotine sessions.</p

Figure 2

<p>Maintenance of self-administration behavior under the FR 10 schedule during the first experience with saline substitution. Mean number (±SEM) of ratios completed on the active lever during three consecutive session with access to nicotine followed by an additional three sessions with saline substituted for nicotine are shown. The brief 2-sec light stimuli were presented following each ratio completion during both the nicotine and saline sessions. Self-administration behavior was not reduced by the substitution of saline injections for nicotine injections during this first exposure to extinction conditions.</p

Summary of previous studies evaluating intravenous nicotine self-administration behavior in non-human primates.

<p>Summary of previous studies evaluating intravenous nicotine self-administration behavior in non-human primates.</p

Barriers to Prescribing Pharmacotherapies for Substance Dependences.

<p>Barriers to Prescribing Pharmacotherapies for Substance Dependences.</p