MtDNA haplotypes and nucleotide diversity of <i>An</i>. <i>balabacensis</i> subpopulations based on the combined sequence.

MtDNA haplotypes and nucleotide diversity of An. balabacensis subpopulations based on the combined sequence.</p

MtDNA haplotypes and nucleotide diversity of <i>An</i>. <i>balabacensis</i> subpopulations based on <i>cox</i>2 sequences.

MtDNA haplotypes and nucleotide diversity of An. balabacensis subpopulations based on cox2 sequences.</p

Neutrality tests done on <i>An</i>. <i>balabacensi</i>s subpopulations.

Neutrality tests done on An. balabacensis subpopulations.</p

Mitochondrial variation in subpopulations of <i>Anopheles balabacensis</i> Baisas in Sabah, Malaysia (Diptera: Culicidae) - Fig 3

Graphs of the mismatch distribution analysis for total populations of An. balabacensis based on (a) cox1, (b) cox2 and (c) the combined sequence. The dotted lines represent the observed frequency of pairwise differences, and the solid lines show the expected values for the population expansion model.</p

Mitochondrial variation in subpopulations of <i>Anopheles balabacensis</i> Baisas in Sabah, Malaysia (Diptera: Culicidae) - Fig 2

Frequency of haplotype detected in (a) cox1, (b) cox2 and (c) combined sequence across all the subpopulations of An. balabacensis.</p

Mitochondrial variation in subpopulations of <i>Anopheles balabacensis</i> Baisas in Sabah, Malaysia (Diptera: Culicidae) - Fig 8

Variable positions of (a) nucleotide and (b) amino acid in the combined sequence of An. balabacensis. The numbers shown above the sequences represent the nucleotide or amino acid position and the dots refer to the identity with reference to ancestral haplotype (Hap_1).</p

Mitochondrial variation in subpopulations of <i>Anopheles balabacensis</i> Baisas in Sabah, Malaysia (Diptera: Culicidae) - Fig 7

Variable positions of (a) nucleotide and (b) amino acid in cox2 sequence of An. balabacensis. The numbers shown above the sequences represent the nucleotide or amino acid position and the dots refer to the identity with reference to ancestral haplotype (Hap_1).</p

Mismatch analysis of <i>An</i>. <i>balabacensi</i>s subpopulations.

Mismatch analysis of An. balabacensis subpopulations.</p

AMOVA of genetic variation in <i>An</i>. <i>balabacensis</i> as detected by the <i>cox</i>1, <i>cox</i>2 and the combined sequence.

AMOVA of genetic variation in An. balabacensis as detected by the cox1, cox2 and the combined sequence.</p

The collection sites for <i>An</i>. <i>balabacensis</i> used in this study.

There were 14 sampling sites, each denoted by a different number. Seven sites were located in Kudat district, two in Banggi Island, and one each at the other five study sites. The outline of the map and the elevation map were downloaded from open source websites: http://gadm.org/country and http://www.diva-gis.org/gdata respectively, the final map was created using QGIS software version 2.18.13.</p