346 research outputs found
Procedural Justice: A systematic literature search and technical report to the National Policing Improvement Agency
The Research, Analysis and Information Unit (RAI) of the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA) have identified âthe procedural justice thesisâ as an important development in policing research with plans to replicate US research in a UK context. To facilitate their research agenda, the Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security (CEPS) at Griffith University developed a comprehensive search strategy and conducted a methodologically rigorous systematic literature search of procedural justice between April and June, 2009. Twenty-two keywords were identified and searched on six electronic databases and two library catalogues
Legitimacy in policing: a systematic review
Police require voluntary cooperation from the general public to be effective in controlling crime and maintaining order. Research shows that citizens are more likely to comply and cooperate with police and obey the law when they view the police as legitimate. The most common pathway that the police use to increase citizen perceptions of legitimacy is through the use of procedural justice. Procedural justice, as described in the literature, comprises four essential components. These components are citizen participation in the proceedings prior to an authority reaching a decision (or voice), perceived neutrality of the authority in making the decision, whether or not the authority showed dignity and respect toward citizens throughout the interaction, and whether or not the authority conveyed trustworthy motives.
Police departments throughout the world are implicitly and explicitly weaving the dialogue of these four principles of procedural justice (treating people with dignity and respect, giving citizens âvoiceâ during encounters, being neutral in decision making, and conveying trustworthy motives) into their operational policing programs and interventions. This review synthesizes published and unpublished empirical evidence on the impact of interventions led by the public police to enhance citizen perceptions of police legitimacy. Our objective is to provide a systematic review of the direct and indirect benefits of policing approaches that foster legitimacy in policing that either report an explicit statement that the intervention sought to increase legitimacy or report that there was an application of at least one of the principles of procedural justice: participation, neutrality, dignity/respect, and trustworthy motives
Spatial population genetic structure and colony dynamics in Damaraland moleârats (Fukomys damarensis) from the southern Kalahari
BACKGROUND : Non-random associations within and among groups of social animals can provide valuable insight
into the function of group living and the evolution of social behaviour. Damaraland mole-rats (Fukomys damarensis)
demonstrate extremely high levels of reproductive skew, and dispersal is considered to be male-biased in onset and
frequency, although asymmetry in dispersal distance is yet to be investigated. Dispersal may be positively correlated
with increasing favourable environmental conditions, such as rainfall, however, the effects of ecological constraints
on dispersal and colony fissionâfusion dynamics have not previously been demonstrated on a spatial scale. Here we
provide the first spatial population genetic study for this species. We investigated genetic structure in a population of
Damaraland mole-rats from the southern Kalahari in South Africa over 3 years, combining observational dispersal data
from mark-recapture with population genetic data to evaluate (1) sex-bias in frequency and distance of dispersal in
this species, and (2) the effect of rainfall on fissionâfusion dynamics of colonies.
RESULTS : Our results demonstrate (1) that both males and females favour local dispersal but on rare occasions may
disperse over distances greater than 400 m, (2) that males may disperse over greater distances than females, and (3)
that males more frequently immigrate into established neighbouring colonies than females, who predominantly
disperse by colony fission, i.e. multiple individuals âbuddingâ from their native colony into a neighbouring territory,
thereby establishing new colonies. Furthermore, our results demonstrate (4) elevated dispersal and colony fission
in association with increased rainfall, supporting the hypothesis that rainfall may play a significant role in the maintenance
and/or disruption of reproductive skew in Damaraland mole-rat populations.
CONCLUSION : This study represents the first fine-scale spatial population genetic study in Damaraland mole-rats, and
provides relevant insights into colony fissionâfusion dynamics in a social and cooperatively breeding species.ADDITIONAL FILE 1 : TABLE S1. Evidence of dispersal from mark-recapture data, indicating the colonies/capture sites for individuals that were captured at different sites in successive years, and the spatial distance associated with each dispersal event.The National Research Foundation (NRF) South African Research Chair Initiative (SARChI) Chair of Behavioural Ecology and Physiology (NCB), and the University of Pretoria.https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.comam2022BiochemistryGeneticsMammal Research InstituteMicrobiology and Plant PathologyZoology and Entomolog
Growing up on the Streets:Knowledge Exchange Training Pack
This training pack has been developed through a knowledge exchange programme as part of the Growing up on the Streets research project and is a collaboration between the University of Dundee, StreetInvest and other partners. It is funded by The Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). In the context of Growing up on the Streets, âknowledge exchangeâ aims to prepare street children and youth to recognise the value of their own experiences and the importance of their position as experts in their own lives, with the ability to act as spokespeople for themselves and their peers. By developing skills to collate this collective experience and share it with others â including policy makers, service providers and other stakeholders â the aim is for street children and youth to be more directly involved in informing and shaping the decisions which affect their lives.This is an open source training pack which we hope will benefit street children and youth around the world; it is free to download and use with the appropriate attribution. However, please note that the pack is intended to be used by those who already have expertise in training and working with street children and youth. We invite any organisation requiring help or support in using this material to contact StreetInvest at the address below.Further information about Growing up on the Streets, including briefing papers outlining the projectâs research principles and methodology, can be found at: http://www.streetinvest.org/guot
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Impacts of habitat heterogeneity on the provision of multiple ecosystem services in a temperate floodplain
The relationships between habitat heterogeneity and the provision of multiple ecosystem services are not well understood. This study investigates the impacts of heterogeneity in surface floodwater inundation on the productive efficiency of ecosystem service provision, and the degree to which the relative provision of these ecosystem services is evenly balanced. We analyse indicators of five services. Field data from 100 floodplain quadrats were first analysed to investigate relationships between ecosystem service indicators and floodplain hydrology. Floodplain mosaics of varying hydrological heterogeneity were then simulated using the empirical data. Simulated floodplains with higher hydrological heterogeneity were generally less efficient in providing the target indicators, because they were adapted to the particular hydrological ranges which best provided the target services. Simulated floodplains that were more heterogeneous generally provided more even levels of the target indicators by segregating provision into different habitat types. Heterogeneity in floodplain hydrology may help to balance provision of multiple ecosystem services. However, management of hydrological heterogeneity to achieve this requires a detailed understanding of the relationships between each service and habitat conditions
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