Estimates of genetic diversity based on combined mtDNA and microsatellite in Tibetan snowcock (<i>Tetraogallus tibetanus)</i>.

<p>Sample sizes (N) for each group are given. For mtDNA, number of haplotypes (H); haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity as percentage () are given. For microsatellite, mean of observed heterozygosity (H_O), expected heterozygosity (H_E), allele richness (A_R), number private allele (P_A) and inbreeding coefficient (F_IS) are indicated.</p><p>Estimates of genetic diversity based on combined mtDNA and microsatellite in Tibetan snowcock (<i>Tetraogallus tibetanus)</i>.</p

Coalescent simulations were used to test hypotheses about population structures of the Tibetan snowcock (<i>Tetraogallus tibetanus</i>).

<p>(a) The single-refugium hypothesis, in which all populations were derived from a single refugium at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). (b) Two- or multiple-refugia hypotheses: two lineages split at the beginning of the LGM (T = 20 ka) and all current populations are derived from them with the coalescence time of T1 = 12 ka at the end of the LGM.</p

MOESM1 of Comparative phylogeography of two sister species of snowcock: impacts of species-specific altitude preference and life history

Additional file 1: Table S1. Priori biological differences between Tetraogallus tibetanus and Tetraogallus himalayensis. Table S2. Information of Tibetan Snowcock and Himalayan Snowcock samples used in this study. Figure S1. Mismatch distribution for mitochondria DNA in three sympatric locations of Tetraogallus tibetanus and T. himalayensis

Bayesian skyline plot representing historical demographic trends in sampled Tibetan snowcock (<i>Tetraogallus</i>. <i>tibetanus)</i>.

<p>Time is reported on the x-axis as MYR (millions years ago). Estimations were based on a mutation rate of 1.6 x 10^–8 substitutions per site per year. <i>Nfeτ</i>, the product of the effective female population size and the generation time (in years, log-transformed), is reported on the y-axis. Estimates of means are joined by a solid line; whereas dashed lines mark the 95% highest probability density limits.</p

Refugia Persistence of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau by the Cold-Tolerant Bird <i>Tetraogallus tibetanus</i> (Galliformes: Phasianidae)

<div><p>Most of the temperate species are expected to have moved to lower altitudes during the glacial periods of the Quaternary. Here we tested this hypothesis in a cold-tolerant avian species Tibetan snowcock (<i>Tetraogallus tibetanus</i>) using two segments of mitochondrial gene (a 705bp Cytochrome-b; abbrev. <i>Cyt-b</i> and an 854 bp Control Region; abbrev. CR) and eight microsatellite loci by characterizing population differentiation and gene flow across its range. Combined (<i>Cyt-b</i> + CR) datasets detected several partially lineages with poor support. Microsatellite data, however, identified two distinct lineages congruent with the geographically separated western and central regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). The phylogeographic patterns that we observed might be explained by a combination of vicariance events that led to local isolation of <i>T</i>. <i>tibetanus</i> during warm periods and range expansions and population intermixing during cold periods. The results of this study add to our knowledge of population differentiation and connectivity in high altitude mountain ecosystems.</p></div

Median-joining network of combined haplotypes of Tibetan snowcock (<i>Tetraogallus</i>. <i>tibetanus)</i>.

<p>The size of the symbol is proportional to the number of individuals sharing each haplotype. The color of circles, which refer to geographical group and small black circles represent missing alleles that were not observed. A grey line between linked alleles without a number attached corresponds to one mutation.</p

Bayesian STRUCTURE clustering results based on Tibetan snowcock (<i>Tetraogallus</i>. <i>tibetanus)</i> microsatellite genotypes of 80 individuals of Tibetan snowcock <i>Tibetan snowcock</i> from five groups.

<p>Each column along the × axis represents one <i>Tibetan snowcock</i> individual grouped by locations in the same order as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121118#pone.0121118.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. The Y-axis represents the assignment probability of each individual into two clusters (K = 2).</p

Tabulated estimates of the population genetic summary statistics.

<p>Θ₀ = estimated population size before expansion, 1 = estimated population size after expansion, R = raggedness indexes), Tajima’s D values, Fu and Li’s F values.</p><p>*0.01</p><p>**0.001</p><p>***p<0.001</p><p>Tabulated estimates of the population genetic summary statistics.</p

Locations of the 14 sampled populations of the Tibetan snowcock <i>Tetraogallus</i>. <i>tibetanus</i> in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of western China.

<p>Sampling sites: WKL group: Atushi (ATS), Yecheng (YC) and Wuqia (WQ); QLS group: Tianzhu (TZ), Sunan (SN) and Datong (DT); QDM group: Haixi (HX) and Delingha (DLH); BKL group: Qumalai (QML); TGL group: Zhiduo (ZD), Biru (BR), Anduo (AD), Baqing (BQ) and Suoxian (SX).</p

Phylogenetic relationships of all combined haplotypes identified among the Tibetan snowcock <i>Tetraogallus tibetanus</i> samples.

<p>Haplotype names are given at the terminal node of each branch in the tree. Only the Bayesian posterior probabilities above 50% are located near corresponding branches.</p