Influence of slump folds on tectonic folds: an example from the Lower Ordovician of the Anglo-Brabant Deformation Belt (Belgium)

Although it is generally accepted that buckle folds will not develop in a perfectly planar layer without the presence of some irregularity or perturbation at which the folds initiate, there are very few cases in which individual natural folds can be linked to specific irregularities. Within the Lower Ordovician Abbaye de Villers Formation, Anglo-Brabant Deformation Belt, metre-scale tectonic folds occur, of which the position and, to a certain extent, the geometry appear to be controlled by slump folds and related features. The metre-scale tectonic folds, interpreted as parasitic structures on the limb of a large-scale host fold, occur only within a stratigraphic level affected by slumping. In this level, tectonic antiforms tend to form superimposed on antiformal slump folds and on zones of abrupt, slump-related thickness increase, and tectonic synforms on synformal slump folds and on zones of abrupt thickness decrease. The rather irregular 3D geometry of sedimentary sequences suggests that many more similar cases should exist in which folds can be linked to specific irregularities. However, possibly it is also this abundance of irregularities in sedimentary sequences, in combination with fold and outcrop scale, that makes it difficult to attribute a particular fold to a particular perturbation

Enriching Existing Test Collections with OXPath

Extending TREC-style test collections by incorporating external resources is a time consuming and challenging task. Making use of freely available web data requires technical skills to work with APIs or to create a web scraping program specifically tailored to the task at hand. We present a light-weight alternative that employs the web data extraction language OXPath to harvest data to be added to an existing test collection from web resources. We demonstrate this by creating an extended version of GIRT4 called GIRT4-XT with additional metadata fields harvested via OXPath from the social sciences portal Sowiport. This allows the re-use of this collection for other evaluation purposes like bibliometrics-enhanced retrieval. The demonstrated method can be applied to a variety of similar scenarios and is not limited to extending existing collections but can also be used to create completely new ones with little effort.Comment: Experimental IR Meets Multilinguality, Multimodality, and Interaction - 8th International Conference of the CLEF Association, CLEF 2017, Dublin, Ireland, September 11-14, 201

Corporate real estate strategies for future higher education

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the alignment of Corporate Real Estate (CRE) strategies of Dutch Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) with the developments in higher education

Are Panel Unit Root Tests Useful for Real-Time Data?

With the development of real-time databases, N vintages are available for T observations instead of a single realization of the time series process. Although the use of panel unit root tests with the aim to gain in efficiency seems obvious, empirical and simulation results shown in this paper heavily mitigate the intuitive perspective.macroeconomics ;

Exploring the temporally resolved electron density evolution in EUV induced plasmas

We measured for the first time the electron density in an Extreme Ultra-Violet induced plasma. This is achieved in a low-pressure argon plasma by using a method called microwave cavity resonance spectroscopy. The measured electron density just after the EUV pulse is $2.6\cdot10^{16}$ m$^{-3}$. This is in good agreement with a theoretical prediction from photo ionization, which yields a density of $4.5\cdot10^{16}$ m$^{-3}$. After the EUV pulse the density slightly increase due to electron impact ionization. The plasma (i.e. electron density) decays in tens of microseconds.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figure

Exploring the electron density in plasmas induced by extreme ultraviolet radiation in argon

The new generation of lithography tools use high energy EUV radiation which ionizes the present background gas due to photoionization. To predict and understand the long term impact on the highly delicate mirrors It is essential to characterize these kinds of EUV-induced plasmas. We measured the electron density evolution in argon gas during and just after irradiation by a short pulse of EUV light at 13.5 nm by applying microwave cavity resonance spectroscopy. Dependencies on EUV pulse energy and gas pressure have been explored over a range relevant for industrial applications. Our experimental results show that the maximum reached electron density depends linearly on pulse energy. A quadratic dependence - caused by photoionization and subsequent electron impact ionization by free electrons - is found from experiments where the gas pressure is varied. This is demonstrated by our theoretical estimates presented in this manuscript as well.Comment: submitted to J. Phys. D. 16 pages, 8 figure

Reform der Erdgaswirtschaft in der EU und in Deutschland: Wie viel Regulierung braucht der Wettbewerb?

This article analyses the reform process in the European and the German natural gas sector. Competition in the industry and intra-European trade have been underdeveloped thus far. We argue that the European gas pipelines are a monopolistic bottleneck that require some form of access regulation, e.g. in the form of an Entry-Exit System. We discuss how regulation should be implemented at the European level and, subsequently, in Germany. We conclude that the European Gas Directive 2003/55/EC and the proposal for a new Energy Law in Germany offer a good point of departure for further reforms towards an integrated European market for natural gas

A Glimpse Far into the Future: Understanding Long-term Crowd Worker Quality

Microtask crowdsourcing is increasingly critical to the creation of extremely large datasets. As a result, crowd workers spend weeks or months repeating the exact same tasks, making it necessary to understand their behavior over these long periods of time. We utilize three large, longitudinal datasets of nine million annotations collected from Amazon Mechanical Turk to examine claims that workers fatigue or satisfice over these long periods, producing lower quality work. We find that, contrary to these claims, workers are extremely stable in their quality over the entire period. To understand whether workers set their quality based on the task's requirements for acceptance, we then perform an experiment where we vary the required quality for a large crowdsourcing task. Workers did not adjust their quality based on the acceptance threshold: workers who were above the threshold continued working at their usual quality level, and workers below the threshold self-selected themselves out of the task. Capitalizing on this consistency, we demonstrate that it is possible to predict workers' long-term quality using just a glimpse of their quality on the first five tasks.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, accepted CSCW 201

On the spectroastrometric separation of binary point-source fluxes

Spectroastrometry is a technique which has the potential to resolve flux distributions on scales of milliarcseconds. In this study, we examine the application of spectroastrometry to binary point sources which are spatially unresolved due to the observational point spread function convolution. The technique uses measurements with sub-pixel accuracy of the position centroid of high signal-to-noise long-slit spectrum observations. With the objects in the binary contributing fractionally more or less at different wavelengths (particularly across spectral lines), the variation of the position centroid with wavelength provides some information on the spatial distribution of the flux. We examine the width of the flux distribution in the spatial direction, and present its relation to the ratio of the fluxes of the two components of the binary. Measurement of three observables (total flux, position centroid and flux distribution width) at each wavelength allows a unique separation of the total flux into its component parts even though the angular separation of the binary is smaller than the observations' point-spread function. This is because we have three relevant observables for three unknowns (the two fluxes, and the angular separation of the binary), which therefore generates a closed problem. This is a wholly different technique than conventional deconvolution methods, which produce information on angular sizes of the sampling scale. Spectroastrometry can produce information on smaller scales than conventional deconvolution, and is successful in separating fluxes in a binary object with a separation of less than one pixel. We present an analysis of the errors involved in making binary object spectroastrometric measurements and the separation method, and highlight necessary observing methodology.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic