One Stone Two Birds: An Upconversion Nanosensor for Sensitive Detection of Fluoroquinolones in Aquatic Products Based on Chelation Recognition

Excessive residues of fluoroquinolones (FQs) in aquatic products have become a growing issue in recent years. Herein, we demonstrate an upconversion fluorescence nanosensor constructed by a one-stone-two-birds strategy, where Fe3+ not only quenches upconversion fluorescence with high efficiency but also specifically recognizes the bidentate ligand structure of FQs. Compared to existing methods, the proposed sensor is simpler to synthesize and cheap and has more storage stability due to the unification of the quencher and recognition molecule. Enrofloxacin (ENR) was chosen as a representative veterinary drug for FQs to verify the effectiveness of the nanosensor. Under optimal conditions, the range of detection for ENR was 2.0 × 10–2 to 2.0 × 102 μg/mL, with a limit of detection of 1.08 × 10–3 μg/mL. The developed nanosensor was further validated by high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) without significant differences in practical detection. Hence, this study offers a potential strategy for the detection of FQs

Forest plot for the RR between EVG and RAL, as determined using Stata.

Forest plot for the RR between EVG and RAL, as determined using Stata.</p

Tomography of asymmetric molecular orbitals with one-color inhomogeneous field

We demonstrate to image asymmetric molecular orbitals via high-order harmonic generation in a one-color inhomogeneous field. Due to the broken inversion symmetry of the inhomogeneous field in space, the returning electrons with energy in a broad range can be forced to recollide from only one direction for all the orientation angles of molecules, which therefore can be used to reconstruct asymmetric molecular orbitals. Following the procedure of molecular orbital tomography, the highest occupied molecular orbital of CO is satisfactorily reconstructed with high-order harmonic spectra driven by the inhomogeneous field. This scheme is helpful to relax the requirement of laser conditions and also applicable to other asymmetric molecules

All-optical measurement of high-order fractional molecular echoes by high-order harmonic generation

An all-optical measurement of high-order fractional molecular echoes is demonstrated by using high-order harmonic generation (HHG). Excited by a pair of time-delayed short laser pulses, the signatures of full and high order fractional (1/2 and 1/3) alignment echoes are observed in the HHG signals measured from CO2 molecules at various time delays of the probe pulse. By increasing the time delay of the pump pulses, much higher order fractional (1/4) alignment echo is also observed in N2O molecules. With an analytic model based on the impulsive approximation, the spatiotemporal dynamics of the echo process are retrieved from the experiment. Compared to the typical molecular alignment revivals, high-order fractional molecular echoes are demonstrated to dephase more rapidly, which will open a new route towards the ultrashort-time measurement. The proposed HHG method paves an efficient way for accessing the high-order fractional echoes in molecules

Quality evaluation of RCTs using RevMan software.

<p>In each dimension, the area of different colors represents the proportion of different publication biases derived from the included literatures. When no clear answer could be obtained for a dimension, it was classified as presenting a high risk of bias.</p

Forest plot for the rate of resistance to RAL, as determined using Stata.

<p>RCTs and OBSs formed the basis of this classification. “OBS” indicates the observational nature of the study. ES denotes the effect value (i.e., resistance rate). The important indicator <i>I</i>^<i>2</i> was used to evaluate the heterogeneity of the data. A hollow diamond represents the result of the meta-analysis. “n” indicates the different trial numbers for a given piece of literature. A black diamond represents the resistance rate for each trial. The width of the horizontal line passing through the black diamond denotes the 95% CI. The meta-analysis was completed using a random-effects model.</p

Therapy-Emergent Drug Resistance to Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors in HIV-1 Patients: A Subgroup Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials

<div><p>Background</p><p>Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are a novel class of anti-HIV agents that show high activity in inhibiting HIV-1 replication. Currently, licensed INSTIs include raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir (EVG) and dolutegravir (DTG); these drugs have played a critical role in AIDS therapy, serving as additional weapons in the arsenal for treating patients infected with HIV-1. To date, long-term data regarding clinical experience with INSTI use and the emergence of resistance remain scarce. However, the literature is likely now sufficiently comprehensive to warrant a meta-analysis of resistance to INSTIs.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Our team implemented a manuscript retrieval protocol using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) via the Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. We screened the literature based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and then performed a quality analysis and evaluation using RevMan software, Stata software, and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). We also performed a subgroup analysis. Finally, we calculated resistance rates and risk ratios (RRs) for the three types of drugs.</p><p>Results</p><p>We identified 26 references via the database search. A meta-analysis of the RAL data revealed that the resistance rate was 3.9% (95% CI = 2.9%-4.9%) for the selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, the RAL resistance rate reached 40.9% (95% CI = 8.8%-72.9%) for the selected observational studies (OBSs). The rates of resistance to RAL that were associated with HIV subtypes A, B, and C as well as with more complex subtypes were 0.1% (95% CI = -0.7%-0.9%), 2.5% (95% CI = 0.5%-4.5%), 4.6% (95% CI = 2.7%-6.6%) and 2.2% (95% CI = 0.7%-3.7%), respectively. The rates of resistance to EVG and DTG were 1.2% (95% CI = 0.2%-2.2%) and 0.1% (95% CI = -0.2%-0.5%), respectively. Furthermore, we found that the RRs for antiviral resistance were 0.414 (95% CI = 0.210–0.816) between DTG and RAL and 0.499 (95% CI = 0.255–0.977) between EVG and RAL. When RAL was separately co-administered with nuclear nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) or protease inhibitors (PIs), the rates of resistance to RAL were 0.2% (95% CI = -0.1%-0.5%) and 0.2% (95% CI = -0.2%-0.6%), respectively. The ten major integrase mutations (including N155H, Y143C/R, Q148H/R, Y143Y/H, L74L/M, E92Q, E138E/A, Y143C, Q148Q and Y143S) can reduce the sensitivity of RAL and EVG. The resistance of DTG is mainly shown in 13 integrase mutations (including T97T/A, E138E/D, V151V/I, N155H, Q148, Y143C/H/R, T66A and E92Q).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our results reveal that the DTG resistance rate was lower than the RAL resistance rate in a head-to-head comparison. Moreover, we confirmed that the EVG resistance rate was lower than the RAL resistance rate. In addition, our results revealed that the resistance rate of RAL was lower than that of efavirenz. The rates of resistance to RAL, EVG and DTG were specifically 3.9%, 1.2% and 0.1%, respectively. Compared with other types of antiviral drugs, the rates of resistance to INSTIs are generally lower. Unfortunately, the EVG and DTG resistance rates could not be compared because of a lack of data.</p></div

PRISMA diagram of the literature search.

The PRISMA diagram illustrates the process through which literature was filtered, according to the designated inclusion and exclusion criteria. At each step, the reason for exclusion is indicated, where “n” represents the number of papers.</p

Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic analysis.

<p>Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic analysis.</p

Forest plot for the rate of resistance to RAL, based on therapeutic time subgroup analysis.

<p>Forest plot for the rate of resistance to RAL, based on therapeutic time subgroup analysis.</p