Management of lower urinary tract fibroepithelial polyps in children

Introduction Fibroepithelial polyps (FEP) of the lower urinary tract are relatively common in adults but rare in children, with fewer than 250 cases reported in the literature to date. Objective The aim of this study was to address the experience of FEP management in children. Study design A retrospective multicenter review was undertaken in children with defined FEP of the lower urinary tract managed between 2008 and 2018. The data at 18 pediatric surgery centers were collected. Their demographic, radiological, surgical, and pathological information were reviewed. Results A total of 33 children (26 boys; 7 girls) were treated for FEP of the lower urinary tract at 13 centers. The most common presentation was urinary outflow as hematuria (41%), acute urinary retention (25%), dysuria (19%), or urinary infections (28%). A prenatal diagnosis was made for three patients with hydronephrosis. Almost all of the children (94%) underwent ultrasound imaging of the urinary tract as the first diagnostic examination, 23 (70%) of them also either had an MRI (15%), cystourethrography (25%), computerized tomography (6%), or cystoscopy (45%). Two of these children (6%) had a biopsy prior to the surgery. The median preoperative delay was 7.52 (range: 1–48) months. Most of the patients were treated endoscopically, although four (12.1%) had open surgery and two (6.1%) had an additional incision for specimen extraction. The median hospital stay was 1.5 (range: 1–10) days. There were no recurrences and no complications after a median follow-up of 13 (range: 1–34) months. Discussion The main limitation of our study is the retrospective design, although it is the largest one for this pathology. Conclusion This series supports sonography as the most suitable diagnosis tool before endoscopy to confirm the diagnosis and to perform the resection for most FEP in children. This report confirms the recognized benign nature in the absence of recurrences

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Disorders of the intestinal wall in a rat model of intestinal obstruction : implication of the enteric nervous system and neuroendocrine system

But de l’étudeL’atrésie intestinale est une anomalie congénitale définie par une perte de la continuité digestive. Malgré une restauration chirurgicale précoce de cette continuité, surviennent durant les premiers mois de vie des troubles de la motilité digestive et des surinfections bactériennes chez un tiers des patients. Ces troubles fonctionnels étaient attribués jusque là principalement à des altérations du système nerveux entérique. Le but de cette étude était de confirmer cette hypothèse mais également d’élargir le champ des explorations aux autres composants du tube digestif.Matériel et méthodesLe modèle animal de l’atrésie chez le rat initialement décrit dans notre équipe a été utilisé pour caractériser les anomalies d’expression génique par transcriptomique. L’étude portait également sur la maturation digestive chez des fœtus de rat contrôle entre un stade de développement embryonnaire E15 et E21. Des modifications en amont et en aval de l’obstruction ont été étudiées en prélevant deux segments successifs de 1 cm par cette approche globale transcriptomique puis précisées par RT-PCRq et confirmées par des techniques immunohistochimiques et de microscopie électronique. RésultatsChez les fœtus témoins, l’expression génique montre une décroissance physiologique pour le SNE et une augmentation pour les systèmes neuroendocrine et épithélial de E15 à E21. Concernant les fœtus avec atrésie, les modifications concernent quasi exclusivement le segment d’amont avec une augmentation du calibre intestinal, de l’épaisseur musculaire et une accélération globale de la maturation. Une redistribution des sous types neuronaux est constatée dans le segment d’amont ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’expression du système neuro endocrine. Pour ces deux systèmes, le segment d’aval est peu modifié. Des modifications importantes du système épithélial sont observées en amont comme en aval avec pour conséquence probable une altération de la barrière intestinale et du système anti infectieux.ConclusionCes résultats montrent que les changements prédominent dans le segment en amont de l’atrésie alors que le segment d’aval était parfois considéré comme le plus pathologique. De plus, il a été retrouvé des changements inattendus du système neuroendocrine et épithélial qui sous tendent une implication non exclusive du SNE. D’autres recherches sont nécessaires pour confirmer ces données et les exploiter dans une démarche thérapeutique.Aim of the studyIntestinal atresia is a rare congenital affection with postoperative motility disorders, leading sometimes to death. Previous related studies mainly focused on enteric nervous system (ENS) alterations as it was identified to cause abnormal peristalsis. The aim of the study was to expertise the underlying pathological conditions of intestinal atresia using a global approach, before focusing on ENS and neuroendocrine cells in order to precise the presumptive involvement of the different layers of the intestinal wall.MethodsPreliminary transcriptomic approach was elected to screen global gene expression involved in intestinal development and atresia-linked disorders in the rat model previously described by our team. Rat embryos were assigned to atretic group and controls embryos at different stages of development ED15, ED17, ED19 and ED21. Two successive intestine samples of 1 cm were harvested in the proximal segment and in the distal one. The pattern of gene expression was further assessed by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and RT-qPCR. Main resultsA physiological decrease in gene expression for enteric nervous system markers and an increase for neuroendocrine and epithelial system was observed on controls from stages ED15 to ED21. Regarding affected embryos, structural modifications concerned the proximal segment with increased muscular layer and a significant disruption including global accelerated maturation was observed in the proximal segment with increased gene expression of neuroendocrine system. Distal segment was comparable to controls for the two systems. Important modifications were noted concerning the epithelial system with consequent abnormalities of the gut barrier and anti infectious functions.ConclusionsFetal intestinal obstruction results in a disrupted gut development predominant in the proximal segment. The distal segment and the ENS were poorly concerned by theses changes. Neuroendocrine and epithelial cells underwent significant unexpected changes, supporting the evidence that ENS do not play an exclusive role in the pathways of intestinal motility disorders

Etude de la paroi intestinale dans un modèle murin d'interruption intestinale : rôles des cellules du SNE et des cellules neuroendocrines

Aim of the studyIntestinal atresia is a rare congenital affection with postoperative motility disorders, leading sometimes to death. Previous related studies mainly focused on enteric nervous system (ENS) alterations as it was identified to cause abnormal peristalsis. The aim of the study was to expertise the underlying pathological conditions of intestinal atresia using a global approach, before focusing on ENS and neuroendocrine cells in order to precise the presumptive involvement of the different layers of the intestinal wall.MethodsPreliminary transcriptomic approach was elected to screen global gene expression involved in intestinal development and atresia-linked disorders in the rat model previously described by our team. Rat embryos were assigned to atretic group and controls embryos at different stages of development ED15, ED17, ED19 and ED21. Two successive intestine samples of 1 cm were harvested in the proximal segment and in the distal one. The pattern of gene expression was further assessed by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and RT-qPCR. Main resultsA physiological decrease in gene expression for enteric nervous system markers and an increase for neuroendocrine and epithelial system was observed on controls from stages ED15 to ED21. Regarding affected embryos, structural modifications concerned the proximal segment with increased muscular layer and a significant disruption including global accelerated maturation was observed in the proximal segment with increased gene expression of neuroendocrine system. Distal segment was comparable to controls for the two systems. Important modifications were noted concerning the epithelial system with consequent abnormalities of the gut barrier and anti infectious functions.ConclusionsFetal intestinal obstruction results in a disrupted gut development predominant in the proximal segment. The distal segment and the ENS were poorly concerned by theses changes. Neuroendocrine and epithelial cells underwent significant unexpected changes, supporting the evidence that ENS do not play an exclusive role in the pathways of intestinal motility disorders.But de l’étudeL’atrésie intestinale est une anomalie congénitale définie par une perte de la continuité digestive. Malgré une restauration chirurgicale précoce de cette continuité, surviennent durant les premiers mois de vie des troubles de la motilité digestive et des surinfections bactériennes chez un tiers des patients. Ces troubles fonctionnels étaient attribués jusque là principalement à des altérations du système nerveux entérique. Le but de cette étude était de confirmer cette hypothèse mais également d’élargir le champ des explorations aux autres composants du tube digestif.Matériel et méthodesLe modèle animal de l’atrésie chez le rat initialement décrit dans notre équipe a été utilisé pour caractériser les anomalies d’expression génique par transcriptomique. L’étude portait également sur la maturation digestive chez des fœtus de rat contrôle entre un stade de développement embryonnaire E15 et E21. Des modifications en amont et en aval de l’obstruction ont été étudiées en prélevant deux segments successifs de 1 cm par cette approche globale transcriptomique puis précisées par RT-PCRq et confirmées par des techniques immunohistochimiques et de microscopie électronique. RésultatsChez les fœtus témoins, l’expression génique montre une décroissance physiologique pour le SNE et une augmentation pour les systèmes neuroendocrine et épithélial de E15 à E21. Concernant les fœtus avec atrésie, les modifications concernent quasi exclusivement le segment d’amont avec une augmentation du calibre intestinal, de l’épaisseur musculaire et une accélération globale de la maturation. Une redistribution des sous types neuronaux est constatée dans le segment d’amont ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’expression du système neuro endocrine. Pour ces deux systèmes, le segment d’aval est peu modifié. Des modifications importantes du système épithélial sont observées en amont comme en aval avec pour conséquence probable une altération de la barrière intestinale et du système anti infectieux.ConclusionCes résultats montrent que les changements prédominent dans le segment en amont de l’atrésie alors que le segment d’aval était parfois considéré comme le plus pathologique. De plus, il a été retrouvé des changements inattendus du système neuroendocrine et épithélial qui sous tendent une implication non exclusive du SNE. D’autres recherches sont nécessaires pour confirmer ces données et les exploiter dans une démarche thérapeutique

Hemolytic uremic syndrome following complicated appendicitis in a child: what is the missing link?

We herein describe an 18-month-old boy who underwent initially successful surgical and antibiotic treatment of complicated appendicitis with postoperative occurrence of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). This complication was due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) found secondarily in rectal swabs but not in the peritoneal cavity. The literature indicates that a causal link may exist between these two entities, and HUS could be considered an iatrogenic complication of appendicitis management due to a multimodal stress effect in non-symptomatic STEC carriers. </jats:p