Optimal passive filter design for effective utilization of cables and transformers under non-sinusoidal conditions

Transformers and cables have overheating and reduced loading capabilities under non-sinusoidal conditions due to the fact that their losses increases with not only rms value but also frequency of the load current. In this paper, it is aimed to employ passive filters for effective utilization of the cables and transformers in the harmonically contaminated power systems. To attain this goal, an optimal passive filter design approach is provided to maximize the power factor definition, which takes into account frequency-dependent losses of the power transmission and distribution equipment, under non-sinusoidal conditions. The obtained simulation results show that the proposed approach has a considerable advantage on the reduction of the total transmission loss and the transformer loading capability under non-sinusoidal conditions when compared to the traditional optimal filter design approach, which aims to maximize classical power factor definition. On the other hand, for the simulated system cases, both approaches lead to almost the same current carrying (or loading) capability value of the cables. © 2014 IEEE.This work is supported by Turkish Republic Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology and BEST Transformers Co. under the project number of 01008.STZ.2011 - 2

An algorithm for optimal sizing of the capacitor banks under non-sinusoidal and unbalanced conditions

In non-sinusoidal and unbalanced systems, optimal sizing of the capacitor banks is not a straightforward task as in sinusoidal and balanced systems. In this paper, by means of qualitative and quantitative analysis, it is interpreted that the classical capacitor selection algorithm widely implemented in Reactive Power Control (RPC) relays does not achieve optimal power factor improvement in non-sinusoidal and unbalanced systems. Accordingly, a computationally efficient algorithm is proposed to find the optimal capacitor bank for smart RPC relays. It is further shown in a simulated test case by using Matlab software that the proposed algorithm provides better power factor improvement when compared with the classical algorithm. It is also figured out from the simulation results that both algorithms cause almost the same harmonic distortion and unbalance deterioration levels in the system

A filter design approach to maximize ampacity of cables in nonsinusoidal power systems

This paper presents an optimal design of the C-type passive filters for the effective utilization of the power cables under nonsinusoidal conditions based on maximization of the harmonic derating factor (HDF) of a power cable, where maintaining the load true power factor at an acceptable range is desired. According to IEEE Standard 519, the total harmonic distortions of the voltage and current measured at the point of common coupling are taken into account as main constraints of the proposed approach. The presented numerical results show that the proposed approach provides higher current carrying capacity, or ampacity of the cables under nonsinusoidal conditions when compared to the traditional approaches based on minimization of the current total harmonic distortion and maximization of the true load power factor. A numerical case study is presented to demonstrate the proposed approach

Optimal design of single-tuned passive filters using response surface methodology

This paper presents an approach based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to find the optimal parameters of the single-tuned passive filters for harmonic mitigation. The main advantages of RSM can be underlined as easy implementation and effective computation. Using RSM, the single-tuned harmonic filter is designed to minimize voltage total harmonic distortion (THDV) and current total harmonic distortion (THDI). Power factor (PF) is also incorporated in the design procedure as a constraint. To show the validity of the proposed approach, RSM and Classical Direct Search (Grid Search) methods are evaluated for a typical industrial power system

Optimal resonance-free third-order high-pass filters based on minimization of the total cost of the filters using Crow search algorithm

The most common damped filters (DFs) are the second-order, third-order, C-type, and double-tuned filters. Other DFs such as the first-order and band-pass filters exist, but their high operating losses considerably diminish their usage. In this paper, firstly, for the third-order damped filter with equal and unequal capacitors, the relations among their circuit parameters are derived. Secondly, the optimal design problem of the two third-order high-pass filters is formulated by regarding these expressions to minimize the filter cost taking into account both the investment and operating expenses. The total and individual harmonic distortion indices, power factor and the harmonic voltage amplification ratios which measure the filter’s resonance damping capability, are considered as constraints. A recent metaheuristic optimization technique based on the intelligent behavior of crows, known as the Crow Search Algorithm (CSA), is employed for the solution of the formulated design problem. Further, a comparative analysis of the two designs of the third-order high-pass filters and a third-order C-type filter is presented. The results reveal that all the proposed filters guarantee no electrical resonance hazards while maintaining the allowable limits for the various performance indices of the system, load, and filter. Besides, the comparative analysis validates that the C-type filter provides higher power factor, system efficiency and transmission loss improvement than the other two filters, and that the proposed filters achieve almost the same voltage and current harmonic mitigation levels. The solution of the cost minimization problem reveals that the C-type filter and the third-order high-pass filter with equal capacitors have the worst and best resonance damping capabilities respectively, under the worst case conditions. Additionally, the filters with the lowest and highest cost are found as the third-order filter with unequal capacitors and the C-type one, respectively. Besides, the CSA is compared to the genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques and the results show the fast convergence capability and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in solving the problem of optimal design of third-order resonance-free passive filters in distribution networks

Increasing PV hosting capacity in distorted distribution systems using passive harmonic filtering

Adding new capacity expansion alternatives using distributed generation (DG) technologies, particularly penetration of renewable energy, has several economical, and technical advantages such as the reduced system costs, the improved voltage profile, lower line loss and enhanced system’s reliability. However, the DG units may lead to power quality, energy efficiency, and protection problems in the system when their penetration exceeds a particular value, generally called as the system’s hosting capacity (HC) in the literature. In this paper, the HC determination of a distorted distribution system with Photovoltaic (PV)-based DG units is handled as an optimization problem by considering over and under voltage limitations of buses, current carrying capabilities of the lines, and harmonic distortion limitations as constraints. It is seen from simulation results that the HC is dramatically decreased with the increament of the load’s nonlinearity level and the utility side’s background voltage distortion. Accordingly, a C-type passive filter is designed to maximize the harmonic-constrained HC of the studied system while satisfying the constraints. The results indicate that higher HC level can be achieved using the proposed filter design approach compared to three conventional filter design approaches as voltage total harmonic distortion minimization, line loss minimization and power factor maximization.This paper is supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey under the project 116E110

Optimal C-type Filter for Harmonics Mitigation and Resonance Damping in Industrial Distribution Systems

Single-tuned passive filters offer reasonable mitigation for harmonic distortion at a specific harmonic frequency with a high filtering percentage, but resonance hazards exist. Traditional damped filters offer high-pass filtering for the high-frequency range, but suffer from extra ohmic losses. C-type filters may operate in a manner similar to the tuned filters with low damping losses and marginal resonance damping capabilities. Also, they can be designed as damped filters with increased resonance damping capability. In this paper, a methodology that facilitates sizing for the C-type damped filter parameters for harmonics mitigation and resonance damping in balanced distribution system networks, is presented and discussed using the impedance-frequency index. This index evaluates the resonance damping capability provided by the damped filters analytically rather than the conventional graphical method of impedance-frequency scanning. It shows how to size shunt passive filters, while making a full use of their damping capabilities. It can disclose the parallel resonance frequencies of the equivalent system-filter impedance. A comparative study of the new approach and a conventional filter design approach, which aims to minimize total harmonic current distortion, is presented. Numerous simulation results are provided to clarify the proposed methodology, advantages, and disadvantages

Testing in the incremental design and development of complex products

Testing is an important aspect of design and development which consumes significant time and resource in many companies. However, it has received less research attention than many other activities in product development, and especially, very few publications report empirical studies of engineering testing. Such studies are needed to establish the importance of testing and inform the development of pragmatic support methods. This paper combines insights from literature study with findings from three empirical studies of testing. The case studies concern incrementally developed complex products in the automotive domain. A description of testing practice as observed in these studies is provided, confirming that testing activities are used for multiple purposes depending on the context, and are intertwined with design from start to finish of the development process, not done after it as many models depict. Descriptive process models are developed to indicate some of the key insights, and opportunities for further research are suggested

Response of Quercus ilex seedlings to Phytophthora spp. root infection in a soil infestation test

[EN] Phytophthora species are the main agents associated with oak (Quercus spp.) decline, together with the changing environmental conditions and the intensive land use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Quercus ilex to the inoculation with eight Phytophthora species. Seven to eight month old Q. ilex seedlings grown from acorns, obtained from two Spanish origins, were inoculated with P. cinnamomi, P. cryptogea, P. gonapodyides, P. megasperma, P. nicotianae, P. plurivora, P. psychrophila and P. quercina. All Phytophthora inoculated seedlings showed decline and symptoms including small dark necrotic root lesions, root cankers, and loss of fine roots and tap root. The most aggressive species were P. cinnamomi, P. cryptogea, P. gonapodyides, P. plurivora and P. psychrophila followed by P. megasperma., while Phytophthora quercina and P. nicotianae were the less aggressive species. Results obtained confirm that these Phytophthora species could constituted a threat to Q. ilex ecosystems and the implications are further discussed.The authors are grateful to A. Solla and his team from the Centro Universitario de Plasencia-Universidad de Extremadura (Spain) for helping in the acorns collection and to the CIEF (Centro para la Investigación y Experimentación Forestal, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain) for providing the acorns. This research was supported by funding from the project AGL2011- 30438-C02-01 (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain).Mora-Sala, B.; Abad Campos, P.; Berbegal Martinez, M. (2018). Response of Quercus ilex seedlings to Phytophthora spp. root infection in a soil infestation test. European Journal of Plant Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-01650-6SÁlvarez, L. A., Pérez-Sierra, A., Armengol, J., & García-Jiménez, J. (2007). 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