Oral hygiene status in children with autism

Introduction: Autism is a developmental disorder that includes difficulties in the establishment and development of social contacts, imagination, communication, etc. Children diagnosed in the autism spectrum may have different degrees and combinations of disorders. Improper oral hygiene and eating habits are the main reasons for the deterioration of oral health in children with autism.Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the oral hygiene status of children with autism and compare it with that of healthy children.Material and Methods: The object of the clinical study are 60 children with autism and 60 healthy children, aged between 3–18 years, whose parents have signed an informed consent form. In order to register the oral hygiene status, carbohydrate nutrition, oral hygiene (frequency of brushing teeth, duration of brushing teeth, participation of parents in performing oral hygiene), fluoride prophylaxis (individually or professionally administered), and frequency of dental visits are described.Conclusion: Maintaining oral hygiene is difficult in children with autism, involving training, motivation, and remotivation in order to establish proper oral hygiene habits. Parental involvement in oral hygiene is observed more often in these children. Visiting a dentist in the early stages of development of temporary teeth leads to less need for treatment and fewer indications for treatment under general anesthesia

Dental caries management by risk assessment among children

Dental caries is the highest-frequency oral disease. The purpose of this study is to assess the risk of developing dental caries for groups of children aged three to six in the city of Varna, Bulgaria, taking into account clinical risk factors. The population of this study included 300 children aged 3 to 6 years. Hence, as many 30 children for the experimental and 30 children for the control groups were included in the study with saliva tests. After that, standardized means of decayed, filled surfaces (DFS) index was estimated. The teeth of the children in the experimental group were covered for three months with Clinpro™ White Varnish. The Research Ethics Committee at the MU-Varna University approved the study. We applied the Greene and Vermillion oral hygiene index. Biostatistics was conducted with a specialized package for statistical analyzes was used StatSoft, STATISTICA manual (Software system for data analysis STATISTICA 10.0, 2010. The results in our study show the strong influence of carbohydrate nutrition and poor oral hygiene on the development and progression of the caries process. The results of the study of the frequency of caries lesions on surfaces show a value of 6.35±0.65. Caries lesions on 1 and 2 surfaces predominate (23.75%). Almost 100% of the children in the control group had Streptococcus mutans and a high risk of caries. From the risk assessment results obtained for each child patient, individual prevention programs are prepared for children

In vitro study of the preventive activity of fluoride varnish by X-ray diffraction

In exogenous prophylaxis, fluoride is applied directly to the tooth surface through various gels, varnishes, foams, and toothpaste. According to the global burden of disease study conducted in 2017, more than 530 million children worldwide suffer from dental caries in their primary dentition. There are few developments in the selection of non-invasive methods in the application of mineralizing varnishes. The researchers investigated experimentally, in-vitro the preventive activity of the fluoride varnish Clinpro™ White Varnish with TCP 3M (CV), using a modern method of X-ray diffraction. The 20 temporary teeth were extracted due to physiological changes. Place of study was UMDC - city of Varna and Institute of Physical Chemistry "Academician Rostislav Kaishev" of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia. Demineralization is carried out with 37% phosphoric acid (i-gel – etching gel) and applied to the smooth temporary enamel surfaces for 30 seconds. The models were then washed and dried with a water and air jet. Remineralization was performed with CV. The formation of small globules of calcium fluoride. The coating is composed mainly of fluorapatite. With the modern method of X-ray diffraction, it was proved that exogenous fluoride prophylaxis and remineralization therapy are effective methods of prevention and treatment of initial caries lesions

Oral Manifestations in Children with Autism and Some Syndromes // Орални изяви при деца с аутизъм и някои синдроми

According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), worldwide, more than 15% of the population lives with disabilities, and 5.1% of them are children, of which 0.7% are severely disabled. In Bulgaria, the estimated number of children with disabilities is over 32,000. However, there is a lack of detailed information on their exact number, and in recent years, the institutions have directed their efforts to create a favourable learning environment and integrate them into general education kindergartens and schools. Oral health is an important aspect of general health, especially for vulnerable groups such as children with specific health needs. The demand for dental treatment for patients with intellectual disabilities, physical limitations, and social and emotional deficits is also increasing. This requires a broad view of the dental practitioner, often leading to a multidisciplinary approach. However, many professionals still find it challenging to provide better treatment. This is mainly due to a lack of proper professional training, insecurity, ergonomic limitations, etc. Children with intellectual disabilities exhibit insecure emotional behaviour and restlessness with a short attention span. Therefore, it is essential to reduce anxiety by establishing proper dentist-patient-parent relationships for adequate implementation of dental prophylaxis and treatment of the child.По данни на Световната здравна организация (СЗО), в световен мащаб над 15% от населението живее с увреждания, като 5,1% от тях са деца от които 0,7% са с тежки увреждания. В България предполагаемият брой на децата с увреждания е над 32 000, въпреки, че липсва детайлна информация за точният им брой, като през последните години институциите насочват усилията си към създаване на благоприятна среда за обучение и интегрирането им в общообразователните детски градини и училища. Оралното здраве е много важен аспект от общото здраве, особено за уязвимите групи, каквито са децата със специфични здравни потребности. Търсенето на дентално лечение за пациенти с интелектуални затруднения, физически ограничения, социален и емоционален дефицит също нараства. Това изисква широко виждане на лекаря по дентална медицина, което често води до мултидисциплинарен подход. Въпреки това много професионалисти все още намират за предизвикателство да осигурят по-добро лечение. Това се дължи до голяма степен на липса на подходящо професионално обучение, несигурност, ергономични ограничения и др. Децата с интелектуални увреждания проявяват несигурно емоционално поведение и безпокойство с кратък период на внимание. Поради това е от съществено значение дa се намали безпокойството чрез установяване на правилни взаимоотношения между зъболекар-пациент и родител за адекватно прилагане на дентална профилактика и лечение на детето

In vitro study of the preventive activity of fluoride varnish by X-ray diffraction

In exogenous prophylaxis, fluoride is applied directly to the tooth surface through various gels, varnishes, foams, and toothpaste. According to the global burden of disease study conducted in 2017, more than 530 million children worldwide suffer from dental caries in their primary dentition. There are few developments in the selection of non-invasive methods in the application of mineralizing varnishes. The researchers investigated experimentally, in-vitro the preventive activity of the fluoride varnish Clinpro™ White Varnish with TCP 3M (CV), using a modern method of X-ray diffraction. The 20 temporary teeth were extracted due to physiological changes. Place of study was UMDC - city of Varna and Institute of Physical Chemistry "Academician Rostislav Kaishev" of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia. Demineralization is carried out with 37% phosphoric acid (i-gel – etching gel) and applied to the smooth temporary enamel surfaces for 30 seconds. The models were then washed and dried with a water and air jet. Remineralization was performed with CV. The formation of small globules of calcium fluoride. The coating is composed mainly of fluorapatite. With the modern method of X-ray diffraction, it was proved that exogenous fluoride prophylaxis and remineralization therapy are effective methods of prevention and treatment of initial caries lesions.</jats:p

PREVALENCE OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME

Down syndrome – trisomy of 21 chromosome is the most common chromosome anomaly, which affects children worldwide. The aim of this study is to compare the distribution of periodontal disease among Down syndrome children and healthy children. 60 children and adolescents with Down syndrome and 60 healthy children were examined in the same age group. Plaque index (PI) (Silness&amp;Loe), probing depth (PD) were registered. The plaque index of children with Down syndrome under 6 years is 0.81. For the children between 6-11 years, this index is 1.4 and for the third group it is 1,8. For the healthy children the values of the PI are: under 6 years – 0.9; between 6-11 – 1.2; between 11-15 – 2.2. The measured pocket depths of the children with DS for the three examined are as follows: under 6 years – 3.5; between 6-11 – 4.1; between 11-15 – 4.7. For the healthy children the values of the PPD are: under 6 years – 2.6; between 6-11 – 3.3; between 11-15 – 3.0. Conclusion: There are more frequent periodontal problems for Down syndrome children, which does not correspond with the level of their oral hygiene.</jats:p