IN VITRO: EVALUATION OF BARANGAN (MUSA ACUMINATA LINN.) PEEL EXTRACT PASTE ON TOOTH COLOR

Objective: Tooth color is an important factor influencing the appearance of someone’s smile. Tooth discoloration can cause a significant change in appearance and loss of confidence, therefore, patients are carrying dental bleaching as a treatment for appearance improvement. Dental bleaching is a non-invasive treatment that uses chemical ingredients and was reported to have several negative effects on teeth. Banana peel extract was reported effective as a dental bleaching agent due to its saponin and mineral content. This study aimed to determine the effects of barangan (Musa acuminata Linn.) peel extract paste on tooth color changes. Methods: Samples were human premolar teeth that were randomized and divided into four groups (n=15), which are group 1 (5% paste), groups 2 (discoloration teeth, 5% paste), groups 3 (10% paste), and group 4 (discoloration teeth; 10% paste). Barangan peel extract was made using ethanol (70%) maceration method and made into a paste with concentrations of 5% and 10%. Discoloration was conducted by soaking the samples in tobacco solutions for 9 d. Paste treatment was done for 12 d by applying the paste on the teeth surfaces (15 min/day). Tooth color measurement is by CIE-Lab method using a colorimeter (CS-10) for baseline and after treatment. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA for ΔE value and t-dependent for L value using GraphPad Prism software version 9.3.1.471 for Windows. Results: There were significant differences in ΔE and L values before and after treatment in all groups. Conclusion: Barangan peel extract paste with a concentration of 10% showed a greater color change than 5%, which lightened up the color of teeth

Improving Net Energy Efficiency of Dimethyl Ether Production Process by Methanol Dehydration

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a source of fuel that produces clean energy for the future. Methanol can be used as a raw material for the manufacture of DME as a natural gas that is treated for synthesis. This paper evaluates how to improve net energy efficiency in DME production and how to review the net energy efficiency calculations in DME production. Methods used for production of DME are methanol dehydration, thermodynamics examination, also improving the net energy efficiency of DME with the addition of the heat exchanger (E-100), the addition of a heater (E-104) before entering a column (T-102), and moved the mixer position before the heater (E-100). By modifying the addition of a heat exchanger (E-100), heater (E-104), and changing the position of the mixer in DME production, it has been proven that it can reduce energy requirements in the dimethyl ether synthesis process from methanol and increase net energy efficiency by up to 98.83%. The results of the case study indicate that the addition heat exchanger (E-100) able to reduce the heater load after the creation process and remove the cooler (E-101) that existed before creation, then the addition of the heater (E-104) serves to reduce the load of Qcond2 and Qreb2 on columns (T-102), also the position of the mixer for the methanol recycling flow is moved before the heater (E-100) is intended to remove the heaters (E-103). Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)