Downregulation of the SL biosynthetic pathway in AR isolates.

<p>(A) Changes in the composition of major SL classes among the sequential isolates of <i>C. albicans</i> were assessed as described in methods. Green and black colour of gene in the pathway represents upregulation and no change, respectively. (B) Total SLs are represented as % of the total PGL + SE + SL mass spectral signal after normalization to internal standards and were determined as described in methods. (C) The fold change in expression levels of various SL biosynthetic pathway genes (relative amplification to ACT1) between TW1 (most susceptible to FLC) and TW17 (most resistant to FLC) were determined by RT-PCR. The gel picture is a representative of the RT-PCR analysis performed in replicates. Values in the histogram are means ± SD (n = 3 for all <i>Candida</i> strains). Asterisks “*” represents p<0.05. Lipid data taken from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039812#pone.0039812.s004" target="_blank">Sheet S1</a>, worksheet 4.</p

The sequential isolates of <i>C. albicans</i> shows modulation of PGL metabolism in the AR isolates.

<p>Changes in the composition of major SL classes among the sequential isolates of <i>C. albicans</i> were assessed as described in methods. Data is represented as % of the total PGL+ SE + SL mass spectral signal after normalization to internal standards. Inset A depicts in larger scale, the change in PG levels among the sequential isolates of <i>C. albicans</i>. Values are mean of 3 independent analyses (n = 3). Data taken from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039812#pone.0039812.s004" target="_blank">Sheet S1</a>, worksheet 4. Inset B shows PL analysis of strains by HP-TLC: cells were grown overnight (to the exponential growth phase) in YEPD medium. Lipids were extracted as described earlier <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039812#pone.0039812-Bligh1" target="_blank">[18]</a> and separated by thin-layer chromatography using chloroform: methanol: acetic acid (65:28:8) as the solvent system. The mobility of CL, PA, PG, PE, PS, PI and PC are indicated after iodine staining (n = 2). The corresponding values of each lipid class as mol % are also indicated.</p

Measurement of mitochondrial membrane dysfunction among TW1 and TW17 isolates.

<p>For the flow cytometry analysis, cells were stained with 100 nM MitoTracker Red CMXRos (which fluoresces upon oxidation in respiring mitochondria). (A) Quadrant plots, (B) histograms and (C) bar graph of flow cytometry analysis between TW1 and TW17 are depicted (n = 4). (D) The red fluorescence of MitoTracker Red CMXRos was also visualized by confocal microscopy.</p

The medianRank and Zsummary statistics of module preservation of cold modules in drought modules (y-axis) vs. module size (x-axis).

In plot colored circles represents gene modules of cold common gene co-expression network. The black borderline represents no preservation (Z-score = 0), blue borderline represents very weak preservation limits (Z-score = 2). The region between blue borderline and green borderline represents weak to moderate preservation zone (10 2) and above green borderline represent strong preservation (Z-score> 10).</p

Dendrogram and heatmap of DEGs found under cold and drought stress in <i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i>.

The heatmap describes the Topological Overlap Matrix (TOM) for all DEGs used for co-expression network analysis. Color ranges from darker red to light red according to overlap i.e. higher to low and darker red color blocks along the diagonal are the modules. The gene dendrogram and modules (as different color bars) are also shown along the left side and the top.</p

Workflow for data collection, curation and co-expression network analysis.

(A) In total 29 series (26 series from NCBI-GEO and 3 series from ArrayExpress) comprising of 241 and 149 Affymetrix A. thaliana arrays related to drought and cold stress were used in the analysis. (B) Workflow describes the steps for co-expression network generation and consensus module detection.</p

Upregulation of the sterol biosynthetic pathway in AR isolates.

<p>(A) Changes in the composition of major sterols and its intermediates among the sequential isolates of <i>C. albicans</i> were analyzed as described in methods. Green and black colour of gene in the pathway (A) represents upregulation and no change, respectively. (B) Total SEs are represented as % of the total PGL+ SE + SL mass spectral signal after normalization to internal standards and were determined as described in methods. (C) The fold change in gene expression levels of various <i>ERG</i> genes (relative amplification to <i>ACT1</i>) between TW1 (most susceptible to FLC) and TW17 (most resistant to FLC) were determined by RT-PCR. The gel picture is a representative of the RT-PCR analysis performed in replicates. Values in the histogram are means ± SD (n = 3 for all <i>Candida</i> strains). Asterisks “*” represents p<0.05. Lipid data taken from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039812#pone.0039812.s004" target="_blank">Sheet S1</a>, worksheet 3 and 4.</p

Gene expression analysis of various genes between TW1 and TW17.

<p>Transcript levels were determined by RT-PCR as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039812#s4" target="_blank">Methods</a>. The data represents relative amplification to <i>ACT1</i>. Values are means ± SD (n = 3) along with the <i>p</i>-values.</p

Intensification of phenolic extraction from yellow European plums by use of conventional, microwave-, and ultrasound-assisted extraction

In this study, microwave and ultrasound extraction were selected as process intensification tools to intensify the conventional heat reflux extraction process. Process efficiency was evaluated based on total phenolic content (ascorbic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and chlorogenic acid), scavenging ability of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric (Fe3+) free radicals, and process intensification principles and domains. Highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity were achieved using microwave extraction followed by heat reflux and ultrasound extraction. Microwave extraction was selected via decision matrix as a suitable process intensification approach based on results and its ability to satisfy process intensification principles.</p

Molecular Insights into the Effect of Crystal Planes on Droplet Wetting

Dynamic wetting by liquids on solid surfaces depends on several aspects such as surface energy, roughness, and interfacial tension, among many others. Copper (Cu), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), and silicon (Si) are a few of the most important metals that are used extensively as substrates in various industrial and biomedical applications. Metals are etched frequently on different crystal planes for fabrication purposes. Etching exposes distinct crystal planes that may come in contact with the liquids when used for different applications. The interaction of the crystal planes with the liquid that comes in contact with the solid dictates the wetting behavior of the surface. This necessitates the importance of understanding how various crystal planes of the same metals behave under similar conditions. Herein, three specific crystal planes, namely, (1 0 0), (1 1 0), and (1 1 1), are investigated at a molecular scale for the above-mentioned metals. The dynamic contact angle and contact diameter trends revealed that the relatively hydrophobic surfaces (Cu, Si) tend to reach their equilibrium contact angle faster compared to the hydrophilic substrates (Al, Au). Molecular kinetic theory is used to estimate the three-phase contact line friction which is found to be higher for (1 1 1) planes. Further, a consistent potential energy distribution variation is observed for the crystal lattice of (1 0 0), (1 1 0), and (1 1 1). These findings can be used as a guideline to determine the factors needed to completely describe a dynamic wetting phenomenon of the droplet over the different crystal planes. The understanding will be of great use in deciding experimental strategies where fabricated different crystal planes would be required to have a liquid contact