Evaluation of Psychological Empowerment Components in Nurses of Educational Hospitals Affiliated to Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences

Background and objectives: The ability of human resources is the most important factor in the survival of an organization. Since, hospitals are one of the important health care organizations that play an important role in returning and maintaining the physical and mental health of patients, it is essential to pay special attention to empowering staff of hospitals.The aim of this study was to assess the psychological empowerment components in nurses. Methods: This descriptive-analytic stusy was performed on 170 nurses working in hoapitals of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences selected through stratified random sampling. Spreitzer psychological empowerment questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire includes 15 questions in five dimensions of meaningfulness, self-efficacy, impact, trust and autonomy. Data were analyzed through SPSS20 and using t- test and ANOVA. Results: Mean score of psychological empowerment of nurses was 39.19±9.8. Among components of psychological empowerment, meaningfulness had the highest mean score (9.24 ±2.7) and impact had the lowest (6.11 ±2.4). Psychological empowerment showed significant relationship with sex, age, job experience, type of ward, and satisfaction of the job, the ward and the superordinate. Conclusion: The managers of educational hospitals are recommended to increase the level of empowerment indicators in their employees by identifying social processes that affect their attitudes and creating an environment that is the basis of empowerment. Keywords: Psychological empowerment, Competence, Nurses, Teaching hospitals Citation: Dehnabi A, Asghari M, Radsepehr H. Evaluation of Psychological Empowerment Components in Nurses of Educational Hospitals Affiliated to Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Health Based Research 2017; 3(2): 187-201

Recess Activity and General Health Status among Iranian Elementary Schools’ Pupils

Background: Regular and daily physical activity during childhood and at school is one of the important part of requirements of normal growth, development and well-being. To achieve physical activity promotion among school child aged population recess as outside of class time efforts is scheduled and allows students to engage in physical and social activities. The purpose of the present study was to assess recess activities as well as status of physical activities among a sample of Iranian students at the pri¬mary schools.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in four randomly se¬lected schools from a list of 26 elementary schools in March, 2012 in the city of Shahindej, located in North-west of Iran. Participants were 439 (10–12 years) elementary schools’. Physical activity level by self-reporting, mental health using the parent-completed Child Health Questionnaire, and happiness was assessed using a Persian translated version of the Subjective Happiness Scale. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was applied in two steps using the enter method to analyze data in the SPSS version 17.Results: Backward logistic regression analysis showed that gender of the parent who answered the study questions, father’s education, educational grade of children, BMI, physical function, physical health, health status of the children and family function were significantly related to the children’s physical activity level.Conclusion: Promoting parents’ awareness and schools’ staff about im¬portance of physical activities especially in recess times must be an impor¬tant part of school and community mental health promotion programs

Arbuscular Mycorrhizas Reduce Nitrogen Loss via Leaching

The capacity of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal root systems to reduce nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) loss from soils via leaching was investigated in a microcosm-based study. A mycorrhiza defective tomato mutant and its mycorrhizal wildtype progenitor were used in this experiment in order to avoid the indirect effects of establishing non-mycorrhizal control treatments on soil nitrogen cycling and the wider soil biota. Mycorrhizal root systems dramatically reduced nitrate loss (almost 40 times less) via leaching, compared to their non-mycorrhizal counterparts, following a pulse application of ammonium nitrate to experimental microcosms. The capacity of AM to reduce nutrient loss via leaching has received relatively little attention, but as demonstrated here, can be significant. Taken together, these data highlight the need to consider the potential benefits of AM beyond improvements in plant nutrition alone

Visualising the Intended Practical Doing: Future-Oriented Movements in Swedish Vocational School Workshop Settings

Context: This article focus on teaching and learning processes in a vocational classroom in Swedish vocational education. There are few studies within the field of vocational education that have a focus on how vocational learning is done in interaction in the vocational classroom/workshop, and what vocational learning content is displayed in the interaction between teacher and student, and thus made possible to learn. This article aims to fill this gap by exploring the future-oriented movements that take shape when a vocational teacher and vocational students negotiate how a practical task could, and should, be handled and solved in vocational teaching situations in vocational plumbing school workshop settings. An increased understanding of these processes can help to improve the actual teaching of a specific subject content to support students in their vocational learning, aiming for learning a professional trade.Methods: The data consists of video recorded lessons from the Sanitary, Heating and Property Maintenance Programme in Swedish upper secondary school. Through concrete empirical examples from video recorded lessons the article explores the interaction between teachers and students in vocational school workshop settings using CAVTA. CAVTA is based on Conversation Analysis (CA) and Variation Theory (VT) and is a theoretical and methodological framework that can be used together and integrated to reach understanding of both how- and what-aspects of the learning process in practice, when analysing teaching and interaction.Findings: Findings shows how aspects concerning a specific vocational learning content that revolves around a vocational practical doing compete for the space with a vocational learning content of a more general nature. These general objects of learning are also related to work-specific vocational learning and knowledge in relation to the future profession, but on a more general level than the task specific vocational knowledge. Altogether, this illuminates how different layers of work-specific vocational learning are made visible in the interaction, and how they mutually contextualise each other in the here and now.Conclusion: This article illustrates that the specific and the general vocational learning content can complement each other and open up for a more in-depth vocational learning. In conclusion, this article emphasises the importance for vocational teachers to develop teaching strategies to navigate between helping the students in their problem solving here and now, and contextualising the specific vocational learning content and making vocational learning relevant for future vocational occupation and working life

Context-based vocational didactics

The aim of this special issue, which includes 16 articles featuring research from Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland, is to deepen and clarify the understanding of context-based vocational didactics, which continuously evolves with societal changes and technological advancements. The articles address various aspects of vocational didactics, including support for students with special needs, the role of digitalisation, and the collaboration between school and working life. This special issue emphasises the importance of adapting teaching to a changing labour market and education system, as well as preparing students for both professional life and as democratic citizens

Cancerous Tissue Diagnosis by LIF Spectroscopy Derived From Body-Compatible Fluorophores

Introduction: The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) method as molecular emission spectroscopy is used to diagnose cancerous tissues. According to the previous reports, the red-shift in the fluorescence spectrum from Rhodamine 6G (Rd6G)-stained cancerous tissues compared to healthy ones impregnated with the same dye provides the feasibility for diagnosis. In this paper, we have employed the LIF emissions as a diagnostic method to distinguish between cancerous and healthy tissues infiltrated by a body-compatible fluorophore to avoid the toxicity and hazard of Rd6G dye.Methods: Biological tissue specimens are stained with sodium fluorescein (NaFl) dye and then irradiated by the blue CW diode laser (405 nm) to examine the spectral properties that are effective in detecting cancerous tissues.Results: The spectral shift and the intensity difference of fluorescence are keys to diagnosing in vitro cancerous breast, colon, and thyroid tissues for clinical applications. The notable tubular densities in the breast and colon tissues and the space between the papillae in the thyroid ones cause the cancerous tissues to be prominently heterogeneous, providing numerous micro-cavities and thus more room for dye molecules.Conclusion: Here, we have assessed the spectral shift and intensity difference of fluorescence as a diagnostic method to distinguish between cancerous and healthy tissues for clinical applications. DOI:10.34172/jlms.2021.1

The Purposivism of the Interpreter of the Constitution in light of the rule of Sharia

There have been and still are many approaches among jurists in how to interpret the constitution, which are generally divided under the two general headings of originalist and non-originalist. One of the sub-branches of non-originarianism is called the Purposive interpretive approach, in which the goals of writing the law are extracted from the text and other sources and interpreted based on the goals and values governing the constitution. On the other hand, one of the fundamental goals of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran is the rule of Sharia standards over legal norms and other acts and legal situations. The main question of the current research is about the possibility or refusal to identify the goal of Sharia rule by adopting the interpretive approach of finalism in the interpretation of the Constitution and its efficiency compared to other interpretive approaches. The findings of the research using the descriptive-analytical method and using library sources indicate that the Guardian Council in its interpretive comments regarding "Sharia supervision of laws and regulations from the judiciary", "permission to receive compensation for late payment from foreign parties", "Inclusion of the concept of Sharia standards in secondary rulings" and "Effective time of revocation of anti-Sharia approvals" have benefited from this interpretation approach. Also, in this approach, new interpretations can be issued such as "the ability to delegate Shariah supervision", "Shariah supervision over the approvals of institutions established by the leadership's decree" and "Shariah supervision over the approvals of the Expediency Council.

The impact of reforestation with broad-leaved and coniferous species on soil properties and carbon storage (Case study: Kolet Forest)

Introduction: Soil is the largest source of carbon in the biosphere and more than half of its carbon is stored in forest ecosystems. Considering the importance of the soil carbon, the purpose of this research is to investigate how different species of broadleaf and coniferous species affect forest carbon storage in soil, considering their different ability to store and use soil nutrients in the forest Kolet.Material and Methods: In this research, first, three stands of Acer velutinum Boiss, Alnus subcordata C.A.M, and Cupressus sempervirens var horizontalis, as well as one natural forest stand were selected in the study area. Ten samples of 400 square meters (20Î20 meters) were selected in each cluster. Also, soil samples were collected from the four corners and the center of each plot from a depth of 0-15 cm; Then the soils were mixed and a combined sample was separated for the laboratory analyses (40 samples in total), which was used to study the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil (bulk density, soil texture, soil reaction, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus and absorbable potassium). SAS statistical software was used for soil data analysis related variables, and the Vegan R software package was used for principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the most significant factor and differentiate between the studied populations.Results and Discussion: Based on the obtained results, soil reaction rate, absorbable potassium, relative humidity, organic carbon, clay and soil carbon storage had significant differences among the four stands (P < 0.01). Alnus subcordata and Acer velutinum showed the highest amount of carbon storage compared to Cupressus sempervirens and natural forest stand. The difference observed in the amount of soil organic carbon in the studied stands depended on the different capabilities of tree species in restoring the soil ecosystem. The planting of broadleaf species resulted in more carbon storage in the short term than coniferous species, because broadleaf tree species increase litter production and nutrient return, making them more effective in restoring degraded forest soils. This is due to faster leaf decomposition, higher nitrogen content and lower C/N ratio, while the presence of resinous and phenolic substances in coniferous leaves negatively affects the decomposition of their litter.Conclusion: In summary, this research showed that reforestation with broadleaf species in various areas of the region significantly impacted the soil carbon stock and carbon storage potential based on the type of tree species. Particularly, broadleaf species such as Alnus subcordata and Acer velutinum played a crucial role in increasing the amount of carbon stored in the soil of the studied region

The use of tools in vocational education

The article is about the various ways tools can be used in the interactions between teacher and students during workshop sessions in vocational education. Through video observations in classrooms, we investigate how tools are used as objects of learning in four technical vocational programs. The theoretical foundation of the study is the variation theory of learning. In the video-recorded lessons, situations where tools have been foregrounded in the interaction between students and teachers have been categorised in relation to the research question: In what different ways is the use of tools foregrounded as an object of learning in vocational workshop teaching? The result points to four categories about 1) finding any object to solve a task, 2) contributing to the understanding of using a specific tool for a specific task, 3) understanding the complexity of using tools to solve a task and 4) creating and recreating a tool to complete a task. Theconclusion is that there are different kinds of learning content and abilities related to tools which can be understood in the enacted vocational workshop teaching. Our study shows that tools are dynamic, created, and shaped in various contexts, and the use of tools as an object of learning often spontaneously, in different teaching situations and interactions between teachers and students. The vocational students get different opportunities to learn to use tools in different ways in here-and-now situations based on the requirements of the vocational work