Questioning as a Tool to Instill Reasoning Skills among Seventh Grade Students in Science Subject

Scientific and technological development is crucial for progress and itsplanning begins in the classroom by teaching Science to nascent minds.Though, teaching mastery in understanding Science is an ongoingchallenge and Pakistan is committed to teaching students to excel in theirunderstanding of scientific and technological development. Developmentof understanding in Science requires the use of reasoning skills whichneeds to be inculcated among students. The aim of this study is to use thequestioning method to develop reasoning skills among seventh-gradestudents in science subject. The questioning method is a strategy whichcan encourage students to think and improve their reasoning skills. Twointact groups of seventh-grade students were selected randomly ascontrol and experimental groups. It was a three-month interventionwhich consisted of three phases. Separate pre-test/post-test was given foreach phase of the study. After the intervention, posttest scores of bothgroups for the three phases of the research were compared. Majorfindings of the study addressed the efficacy of questioning asinstructional pedagogy for the development of reasoning skills in grade 7students in Science subject

An outcome of emergency vascular surgery performed by General Surgeons; our experience in a university hospital of Pakistan and can they substitute vascular surgeons?

Objective: To measure the outcome of emergency vascular surgery performed by general surgeons, and to identify preventable causes of mortality. Method: The retrospective study was conducted at the General Surgery Department of Mayo Hospital, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised data between January 2014 and May 2019 related to cases regardless of age and gender that required emergency vascular surgery after diagnosis by a consultant surgeon at the surgical emergency. The cases were analysed from admission till discharge. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 135 cases, 127(94%) were males. The overall mean age was 28.8+11.5 years (range: 14-63 years). Mean duration of hospital stay was 11+3.92 days (range: 4-22 days). Three major peripheral arteries injured were brachial 32(38.5%), popliteal 55(40.7%) and femoral 20(20.7%), with more than half with complete transection 75(55.6%). Vascular repairs done were primary anastomosis 45(33.3%), reverse saphenous vein graft 68(50.4%), embolectomy 4(3%) and amputation 18(13.3%). Limb salvage rate and mortality was 101(74.8%) and 6(4.4%), respectively. Complications occurred in 38(28.1%) cases, with 24(18%) wound infections and 9(6.7%) myonecrosis. Factors leading to poor outcome/complications were Glasgow Coma Scale score <12 (p=0.01), referred case (p=0.04), significant bleeding (p=0.004), haemoglobin <9 at presentation (p=0.001), bone fracture (p=0.01), involvement of lower limb (p=0.003) and late presentation (p=0.003). Conclusion: Late presentation in hospital was the major modifiable factor improvement of which could lead to better outcome, apart from the early and proper surgical intervention. Key Words: Vascular surgery, Artery repair, Venous graft, Vascular anastomosis