Risk Factors of Breast Cancer in Medan, North Sumatera

Background: Breast cancer remains a major public health problem. The incidence is rising in most countries and is projected to rise further over the next 20 years despite current efforts to prevent the disease. Studies in to risk factors of breast cancer in Indonesian population are lacking. This study aimed to deter¬mine risk factors of breast cancer in Medan, North Sumatera. Subjects and method: This was a case-control study conducted at Murni Teguh Memorial Hospital, Medan, North Sumatera. A sample of 100 women of reproductive age was selected for this study, consisting of 50 women with breast cancer and 50 women without breast cancer. The dependent variable was breast cancer. The independent variables were menarche age, use of hormonal contraceptive, obesity, stress level, and family history of breast cancer. The data of breast cancer cases were taken from the medical record. The other data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: The risk of breast cancer increased with late menarche age (OR= 2.91; p= 0.042), use of hormonal contraceptive (OR= 3.09; p= 0.024), obesity (OR= 3.00; p= 0.027), high stress level (OR= 2.37; p= 0.003), and family history of breast cancer (OR= 2.43; p= 0.001). Conclusion: The risk of breast cancer increased with late menarche age, use of hormonal contraceptive, obesity, high stress level, and family history of breast cancer. Keywords: breast cancer incidence, risk factor

The Effects of Smoking and Dyslipidemia on Coronary Artery Disease among Women at Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan, North Sumatera

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease, is the most common type of heart disease. Globally, CAD is the leading cause of death and is predicted to remain so for the next 20 years. Each year, approximately 3.8 million men and 3.4 million women die from CAD. In 2020, it is estimated that this disease will be responsible for a total of 11.1 million deaths globally. This study aimed to examine the effects of smoking and dyslipidemia on CAD among women at Dr. Pirngadi hospital, Medan, North Sumatera. Subjects and Method: This was a case control study conducted at Dr. Pirngadi General Hospital, Medan, North Sumatera. A sample 124 women ≤45 years of age was selected in this study. The dependent variable was coronary artery disease. The independent variables were smoking and dyslipidemia. The CAD and dyslipidemia data were obtained from the medical record. The smoking data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: The risk of coronary artery disease increased with smoking (OR= 3.76; 95% CI= 1.66 to 8.53; p= 0.002) and dyslipidemia (OR= 5.32; 95% CI= 2.31 to 12.22; p< 0.001). Conclusion: The risk of coronary artery disease increases with smoking and dyslipidemia. Keywords: coronary artery disease, smoking, dyslipidemi

Effect of Breastfeeding Duration on Menstrual Period Return after Child Birth in Deli Serdang, North Sumatera

Background: The length of postpartum amenorrhea is quite variable, and depends on several factors, including maternal age, parity, as well as duration and frequency of breastfeeding. The return of menstruation is not necessarily the result of preceding ovulation in the postpartum woman. Breastfeeding, however, suppresses menstruation at least for a while. For some mothers, there may be an absence of menstruation for weeks, months, and even years while still breast feeding. This study aimed to determine the effect of breastfeeding duration on menstrual period return after child birth in Deli Serdang, North Sumatera. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Purwodadi village, Deli Serdang, North Sumatera. A sample of 78 post partum women who had children aged 6 to 24 months were selected for this study. The dependent variable was menstrual period return. The independent variables were exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), EBF frequency, EBF interval, EBF duration, and EBF technique. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data were described in percent and analyzed by a logistic regression. Results:The prevalence of EBF in this sample was about 22%. About 67% of mothers breastfed 8 to 12 times per day. About 95% of mothers breastfed in less than 6 hour interval per day. Menstrual period return was affected by EBF, frequency of EBF, and technique of EBF. Conclusion: The prevalence of EBF in this sample was about 22%. Menstrual period return is affected by EBF, frequency of EBF, and technique of EBF. Keywords: breastfeeding, duration, menstrual period, child birth

Stigma, Depresi, dan Kualitas Hidup Penderita HIV: Studi pada Komunitas “Lelaki Seks dengan Lelaki” di Pematangsiantar

Stigma, depression, and quality of life of patients with HIV infection: A community-based study on “men who have sex with men” in PematangsiantarPurpose: This study correlates HIV-related stigma and depression level to quality of life of “men who have sex with men” (MSM) living with HIV infection in Pematangsiantar. Method: This is a cross-sectional study using analytical survey method. The population are all MSM living with HIV infection within the MSM community in Pematangsiantar (32 respondents). Data collected through questionnaires, interview, and observation. HIV-related stigma is considered from community's as well as patients' point of view, and measured by Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue Community Stigma Scale (EMIC-CSS). Depression level is measured by modified CES-D questionnaire, while quality of life is measured by Indonesian version of WHOQOL-HIV BREF.Results: The results show that HIV-related (considered as negative) stigma from community and depression level are associated with quality of life of people living with HIV infection in MSM community in Pematangsiantar. The most dominant variable is depression with Exp B = 37.653.Conclusion: HIV-related stigma and depression are contributed to the quality of life of MSM with HIV infection in Pematangsiantar, therefore community acceptance as well as reducing depression condition are needed to improve the quality of life of MSM in Pematangsiantar

An Assesment of Adherence Treatment and Determinants among Hypertensive Patients Attending Primary Health Care in Medan City

Hypertension is a serious health problem that causes morbidity. Prevalence of hypertension in Medan City was 22.53% and only 9,95% of them with controlled hypertension. Patients’ adherence to treatment is a key factor in controlling hypertension and its complications. The objective of this study was to assess the adherence to treatment of hypertensive patients and to determine factors that affect their adherence to treatment. This is a cross sectional study and conducted in August–October 2021 at Primary health care in Medan City. A total of one hundred and fifty-three hypertensive patients were involved in this study. Data were collected through interviews using questionnaires. Previously respondents are required to fill out the validated Indonesian version of the MMAS-8 questionnaire after signing informed consent. Data were analyzed using Simple and Multiple Logistic Regression. The results showed that 52.3% of the respondents had high level of adherence, and 47,7% respondents had low level of adherence. The multiple logistic regression revealed that family history with hypertension, the side effect of treatment, knowledge about the disease, and family support were contributing factors to adherence to treatment among hypertensive patients. It was suggested health care providers pay attention to educating patients on hypertension adherence treatment