Characteristics of aggregated traffic in LoRaWAN

Over the past few years, internet-of-Things (IoT) request a large number of smart devices to communicate and exchange information without direct human assistance. As the number of IoT nodes are increasing rapidly, the massive machine-type communication (mMTC) in 5G enables us to integrate the IoT massive traffic and applications without affecting the traditional services. Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) are emerging commercially and considered as fundamental enablers of IoT, Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT), and industrial revolution 4.0 because of their license free frequency bands, long range, low power consumption, and low cost. In recent years, LoRaWAN is appearing as one of the most leading LPWAN technologies. The main contribution of this work is examining the characteristics and modeling the aggregated traffic of a large and dense LoRa Network that is deployed as a monitoring system inside Tellus Innovation Arena, University of Oulu, with the concept of IoT-based digital campus as a Wireless Access IoT service of 5GTN. To understand the traffic behaviour, we analyzed the inter-arrival times of the transmissions for different weeks, days, and hours. The statistical presentation of data reveals that the trend of transmissions is exponential, that shows that most of the transmissions were within the inter-arrival time of less than 10 seconds while few of them have inter-arrival time over 20 seconds. After that, we fitted inter-arrival times into the exponential distribution, which helped us to find the mean inter-arrival time of the 5GTN traffic which is further used for the modeling of aggregated traffic. Finally, we performed the transmission compression from a gateway to the Network Server that will be beneficial to efficiently utilize the resources and bandwidth. The results demonstrate that the proposed aggregation mechanism increases the system goodput

Machine-type direct-to-satellite communications : modeling and performance analysis

Abstract Despite the massive progress in 5G and beyond systems, the deployed terrestrial networks do not provide ubiquitous coverage even on land; the situation is even worse in the open sea, which covers 70% of the Earth's surface. This disparity illustrates a significant digital divide. To address this vital need, global wireless coverage stands as one of the most crucial requirements for the upcoming 6G wireless networks to offer connectivity to both human and IoT machines. This thesis advocates massive machine-type communication (mMTC) and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite integration to enable direct connectivity from low-cost, low-power end devices to satellites without relying on a terrestrial network. This emerging form of new connectivity, machine-type direct-to-satellite (DtS) communications, promises to bridge the digital divide. However, DtS presents exciting challenges which need to be carefully examined and addressed. Among these challenges is LEO satellite mobility, which introduces a strong Doppler effect and time-varying channel conditions. Similarly, the long link distance ranging from hundreds to thousands of kilometers and the wide satellite footprint contributes to high propagation losses and massive interference, respectively. Additionally, terrestrial end devices possess limited energy resources. Therefore, successful DtS operation requires high energy efficiency, allowing the low-power signals to reach satellites orbiting thousands of kilometers away from Earth. Motivated by the low-power and long-range capabilities of LoRaWAN, this thesis selected LoRa and LR-FHSS-based solutions for the modeling. This thesis develops novel Monte Carlo simulation and analytical models for DtS communications performance analysis. The results confirmed the feasibility and potential of both LoRa and LR-FHSS for DtS communications and highlighted the trade-off of different parameter configurations. In summary, LR-FHSS reveals better performance compared to LoRa, primarily due to its high sensitivity, robust Doppler resistance, and increased capacity, making it a suitable choice for DtS communications. LR-FHSS end devices are expected to be powered by battery, therefore, it is vital to investigate the energy consumption of LR-FHSS. This work conducts experiments using real-life end devices and measures the LR-FHSS air-time and current consumption. We leverage these empirical measurement results to develop analytical models which give us the energy efficiency and battery lifetime of LR-FHSS end devices. LR-FHSS air-time model is highly important for accurate collisions modeling and scalability analysis.Tiivistelmä Vaikka 5G- ja uudemmissa järjestelmissä on edistytty merkittävästi, nykyiset maanpäälliset verkot eivät ulotu kaikkialle edes maalla, saati avomerellä, jota on 70 prosenttia maapallon pinta-alasta. Tästä erosta voidaan havaita merkittävä digitaalinen kahtiajako. Tulevien langattomien 6G-verkkojen tärkeimpiä vaatimuksia on maailmanlaajuinen kuuluvuus, jotta tähän elintärkeään tarpeeseen voidaan vastata ja yhdistää sekä ihmiset että koneet. Esitän tässä tutkielmassa, miten massiivisen laitteiden välisen viestinnän (massive machine-type communication, MMTC) ja matalan kiertoradan (low earth orbit, LEO) satelliittien avulla edulliset ja pienitehoiset päätelaitteet voivat saada satelliittiyhteyden ilman maanpäällistä verkkoa. Tämä uusi yhteysmuoto, suora laitteiden välinen satelliittiviestintä (direct-to-satellite, DtS), voi kuroa edellä mainitun digitaalisen kuilun umpeen. DtS-tekniikkaan liittyy kuitenkin mielenkiintoisia haasteita. Haasteena on muun muassa LEO-satelliittien liikkuvuus, mikä aiheuttaa voimakasta Doppler-ilmiötä ja ajassa vaihtelevia kanavan olosuhteita. Samoin yhteyden huomattava pituus (satoja tai tuhansia kilometrejä) ja laaja satelliitin peittoalue aiheuttavat suurta etenemisvaimennusta ja häiriötä tässä järjestyksessä. Lisäksi maanpäällisten päätelaitteiden energiabudjetti on rajallinen. Näin ollen onnistunut DtS:n käyttö edellyttää erinomaista energiatehokkuutta. LoRaWAN-teknologian pienet tehovaatimukset ja pitkä kantama saivat minut valitsemaan tämän tutkielman mallinnukseen ratkaisut, jotka perustuvat LoRa- ja LR-FHSS-teknologiaan. Kehitän tutkielmassa uusia Monte Carlo -simulaatioita ja analyyttisiä malleja DtS-tietoliikenteen suorituskyvyn analysoimiseksi. Tulosten perusteella sekä LoRa- että LR-FHSS-teknologiassa on potentiaalia ja ne ovat toteuttamiskelpoisia DtS-tiedonsiirtoon. Tulokset myös korostavat erilaisista parametreista seuraavia kompromisseja. Yhteenvetona totean, että LR-FHSS:n suorituskyky oli LoRa-teknologiaa parempi, ensisijaisesti sen suuren herkkyyden, hyvän Doppler-ilmiön siedon ja suuremman kapasiteetin ansiosta, minkä ansiosta se on sopiva DtS-tiedonsiirtoon. LR-FHSS-päätelaitteet ovat oletusarvoisesti akkukäyttöisiä, joten LR-FHSS-teknologian energiankulutuksen tutkiminen on ehdottoman tärkeää. Tein tässä tutkielmassa kokeita oikeilla päätelaitteilla ja mittasin LR-FHSS-teknologian lähetysaikaa ja virrankulutusta. Sovelsin empiirisiä mittaustuloksia sellaisten analyyttisten mallien kehittämiseen, joilla saatoin päätellä LR-FHSS-päätelaitteiden energiatehokkuuden ja akkukeston. LR-FHSS-lähetysaikamalli on tärkeä työkalu tarkkaan törmäysten mallintamiseen ja skaalautuvuuden analysoimiseen.Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Programme Committee of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering of the University of Oulu for public defence in the OP auditorium (L10), Linnanmaa, on 27 September 2024, at 12 noonAbstract Despite the massive progress in 5G and beyond systems, the deployed terrestrial networks do not provide ubiquitous coverage even on land; the situation is even worse in the open sea, which covers 70% of the Earth's surface. This disparity illustrates a significant digital divide. To address this vital need, global wireless coverage stands as one of the most crucial requirements for the upcoming 6G wireless networks to offer connectivity to both human and IoT machines. This thesis advocates massive machine-type communication (mMTC) and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite integration to enable direct connectivity from low-cost, low-power end devices to satellites without relying on a terrestrial network. This emerging form of new connectivity, machine-type direct-to-satellite (DtS) communications, promises to bridge the digital divide. However, DtS presents exciting challenges which need to be carefully examined and addressed. Among these challenges is LEO satellite mobility, which introduces a strong Doppler effect and time-varying channel conditions. Similarly, the long link distance ranging from hundreds to thousands of kilometers and the wide satellite footprint contributes to high propagation losses and massive interference, respectively. Additionally, terrestrial end devices possess limited energy resources. Therefore, successful DtS operation requires high energy efficiency, allowing the low-power signals to reach satellites orbiting thousands of kilometers away from Earth. Motivated by the low-power and long-range capabilities of LoRaWAN, this thesis selected LoRa and LR-FHSS-based solutions for the modeling. This thesis develops novel Monte Carlo simulation and analytical models for DtS communications performance analysis. The results confirmed the feasibility and potential of both LoRa and LR-FHSS for DtS communications and highlighted the trade-off of different parameter configurations. In summary, LR-FHSS reveals better performance compared to LoRa, primarily due to its high sensitivity, robust Doppler resistance, and increased capacity, making it a suitable choice for DtS communications. LR-FHSS end devices are expected to be powered by battery, therefore, it is vital to investigate the energy consumption of LR-FHSS. This work conducts experiments using real-life end devices and measures the LR-FHSS air-time and current consumption. We leverage these empirical measurement results to develop analytical models which give us the energy efficiency and battery lifetime of LR-FHSS end devices. LR-FHSS air-time model is highly important for accurate collisions modeling and scalability analysis.Tiivistelmä Vaikka 5G- ja uudemmissa järjestelmissä on edistytty merkittävästi, nykyiset maanpäälliset verkot eivät ulotu kaikkialle edes maalla, saati avomerellä, jota on 70 prosenttia maapallon pinta-alasta. Tästä erosta voidaan havaita merkittävä digitaalinen kahtiajako. Tulevien langattomien 6G-verkkojen tärkeimpiä vaatimuksia on maailmanlaajuinen kuuluvuus, jotta tähän elintärkeään tarpeeseen voidaan vastata ja yhdistää sekä ihmiset että koneet. Esitän tässä tutkielmassa, miten massiivisen laitteiden välisen viestinnän (massive machine-type communication, MMTC) ja matalan kiertoradan (low earth orbit, LEO) satelliittien avulla edulliset ja pienitehoiset päätelaitteet voivat saada satelliittiyhteyden ilman maanpäällistä verkkoa. Tämä uusi yhteysmuoto, suora laitteiden välinen satelliittiviestintä (direct-to-satellite, DtS), voi kuroa edellä mainitun digitaalisen kuilun umpeen. DtS-tekniikkaan liittyy kuitenkin mielenkiintoisia haasteita. Haasteena on muun muassa LEO-satelliittien liikkuvuus, mikä aiheuttaa voimakasta Doppler-ilmiötä ja ajassa vaihtelevia kanavan olosuhteita. Samoin yhteyden huomattava pituus (satoja tai tuhansia kilometrejä) ja laaja satelliitin peittoalue aiheuttavat suurta etenemisvaimennusta ja häiriötä tässä järjestyksessä. Lisäksi maanpäällisten päätelaitteiden energiabudjetti on rajallinen. Näin ollen onnistunut DtS:n käyttö edellyttää erinomaista energiatehokkuutta. LoRaWAN-teknologian pienet tehovaatimukset ja pitkä kantama saivat minut valitsemaan tämän tutkielman mallinnukseen ratkaisut, jotka perustuvat LoRa- ja LR-FHSS-teknologiaan. Kehitän tutkielmassa uusia Monte Carlo -simulaatioita ja analyyttisiä malleja DtS-tietoliikenteen suorituskyvyn analysoimiseksi. Tulosten perusteella sekä LoRa- että LR-FHSS-teknologiassa on potentiaalia ja ne ovat toteuttamiskelpoisia DtS-tiedonsiirtoon. Tulokset myös korostavat erilaisista parametreista seuraavia kompromisseja. Yhteenvetona totean, että LR-FHSS:n suorituskyky oli LoRa-teknologiaa parempi, ensisijaisesti sen suuren herkkyyden, hyvän Doppler-ilmiön siedon ja suuremman kapasiteetin ansiosta, minkä ansiosta se on sopiva DtS-tiedonsiirtoon. LR-FHSS-päätelaitteet ovat oletusarvoisesti akkukäyttöisiä, joten LR-FHSS-teknologian energiankulutuksen tutkiminen on ehdottoman tärkeää. Tein tässä tutkielmassa kokeita oikeilla päätelaitteilla ja mittasin LR-FHSS-teknologian lähetysaikaa ja virrankulutusta. Sovelsin empiirisiä mittaustuloksia sellaisten analyyttisten mallien kehittämiseen, joilla saatoin päätellä LR-FHSS-päätelaitteiden energiatehokkuuden ja akkukeston. LR-FHSS-lähetysaikamalli on tärkeä työkalu tarkkaan törmäysten mallintamiseen ja skaalautuvuuden analysoimiseen

A Bibliometric Analysis of the Top 100 Cited Articles on Hepatic Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

The purpose of this study is to guide the readers to the impact of the articles published on hepatic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We searched Scopus using 10 different search terms for hepatic MRI. The selected studies were thoroughly reviewed by two independent authors and any disagreement was sorted out by mutual consensus. The list of articles and journals was downloaded into an excel spreadsheet. Only the top 100 cited articles were selected by mutual consensus among all the authors. These articles were further read in the full-text form and were further categorized into subgroups. Three authors independently reviewed the top 100 selected articles, and subsequently data was extracted from them and analyzed. Our study showed that the highest number of top 100 cited articles on hepatic MRI were from Radiology (30 articles) followed by European Radiology (14 articles). The American Journal of Roentgenology, Radiographics, and Journal of Magnetic Resonance had seven articles each. The United States had the highest number of articles by region. Nineteen other journals contributed only one article each to the list of top 100 cited articles. The contribution of authors to the top 100 cited articles was reviewed; all the authors contributing with more than two articles to the highly cited articles are given in Table 3 in the supplementary material. The maximum number of articles were published during 2009 (14 articles), and for a five-year period, the maximum contribution was made during 2008-2013 (44 articles). Our analysis gives an insight on the frequency of citations of top articles on hepatic MRI, categorizes the subtopics, the timeline of the publications, and contributions from different geographic distributions

Characteristics of aggregated traffic in LoRaWAN

Abstract. Over the past few years, internet-of-Things (IoT) request a large number of smart devices to communicate and exchange information without direct human assistance. As the number of IoT nodes are increasing rapidly, the massive machine-type communication (mMTC) in 5G enables us to integrate the IoT massive traffic and applications without affecting the traditional services. Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) are emerging commercially and considered as fundamental enablers of IoT, Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT), and industrial revolution 4.0 because of their license free frequency bands, long range, low power consumption, and low cost. In recent years, LoRaWAN is appearing as one of the most leading LPWAN technologies. The main contribution of this work is examining the characteristics and modeling the aggregated traffic of a large and dense LoRa Network that is deployed as a monitoring system inside Tellus Innovation Arena, University of Oulu, with the concept of IoT-based digital campus as a Wireless Access IoT service of 5GTN. To understand the traffic behaviour, we analyzed the inter-arrival times of the transmissions for different weeks, days, and hours. The statistical presentation of data reveals that the trend of transmissions is exponential, that shows that most of the transmissions were within the inter-arrival time of less than 10 seconds while few of them have inter-arrival time over 20 seconds. After that, we fitted inter-arrival times into the exponential distribution, which helped us to find the mean inter-arrival time of the 5GTN traffic which is further used for the modeling of aggregated traffic. Finally, we performed the transmission compression from a gateway to the Network Server that will be beneficial to efficiently utilize the resources and bandwidth. The results demonstrate that the proposed aggregation mechanism increases the system goodput

An Overview of Direct-to-Satellite IoT: Opportunities and Open Challenges

Abstract Direct-to-Satellite (DtS) connectivity is one of the further components of the development towards the 6G communications networks. It can enable global wireless coverage for Internet of Things (IoT) applications while complementing terrestrial networks. Specifically, DtS can offer seamless connectivity for the machine applications operating in remote areas where terrestrial coverage is limited or unavailable. This paper reviews the DtS IoT networks state-of-the-art and offers an overview focusing on its fundamental components and key requirements. Particularly, we discuss the two fundamental architecture alternatives namely, DtS and indirect-to-satellite (ItS) for supporting IoT services and pinpoint their key trade-off, pros, and cons. We also present the potential DtS applications and their relevant data traffic models and requirements. Finally, we identify some open challenges including (i) link budget aspects; (ii) spectrum limitations and regulations; (iii) massive connectivity demands and interference; and (iv) synchronization problems owing to satellite mobility. This paper also presents several potential future research directions in the context of DtS IoT networks.Abstract Direct-to-Satellite (DtS) connectivity is one of the further components of the development towards the 6G communications networks. It can enable global wireless coverage for Internet of Things (IoT) applications while complementing terrestrial networks. Specifically, DtS can offer seamless connectivity for the machine applications operating in remote areas where terrestrial coverage is limited or unavailable. This paper reviews the DtS IoT networks state-of-the-art and offers an overview focusing on its fundamental components and key requirements. Particularly, we discuss the two fundamental architecture alternatives namely, DtS and indirect-to-satellite (ItS) for supporting IoT services and pinpoint their key trade-off, pros, and cons. We also present the potential DtS applications and their relevant data traffic models and requirements. Finally, we identify some open challenges including (i) link budget aspects; (ii) spectrum limitations and regulations; (iii) massive connectivity demands and interference; and (iv) synchronization problems owing to satellite mobility. This paper also presents several potential future research directions in the context of DtS IoT networks

Effect of different levels of yeast culture on digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal characteristics in buffalo bulls

The study was planned to examine the effect of different levels of yeast culture on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal characteristics in Nili Ravi buffalo bulls. The Nili Ravi buffaloes occupy primary and key space in Pakistani Livestock herd and contribute major quantity of milk supply. The cheaper and easily available sources of nutrients can play pivotal role in its improvement. Four ruminally cannulated Nili Ravi buffalo bulls were distributed in a 4×4 Latin Square Design. Four diets containing 50% berseem and 50% wheat straw were formulated. Control diet (C) was without yeast culture. However, low (LYC), medium (MYC) and high yeast culture (HYC) diets contained 5, 10 and 15 g yeast culture per animal diet respectively on daily basis. The experiment lasted for forty days. First seven days were given as adaptation period followed by a collection period of three days. The results showed that dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) intakes were similar in buffalo bulls fed varying levels of yeast culture. Dry matter, CP, NDF and ADF digestibilities were higher in buffalo bulls fed various levels of yeast culture compared to control diet. Highest dry matter, CP, NDF and ADF digestibilites were observed in MYC. Nitrogen intake was higher in buffalo bulls fed varying levels of yeast culture than control. Highest nitrogen balance was observed in MYC diet. Highest Ruminal NH3-N was observed in control and lowest ruminal NH3-N was observed in MYC. Ruminal pH was higher in bulls fed MYC and HYC diets. These results indicate that yeast culture has positive effects on digestibility, nitrogen balance, ruminal pH and ruminal NH3-N concentration. So, yeast culture could be a useful tool to improve the performance of the animals

Enabling mMTC in Remote Areas : LoRaWAN and LEO Satellite Integration for Offshore Wind Farms Monitoring

AbstractThe offshore wind farms are gaining momentum due to their promise to offer sustainable energy with low pollution and greenhouse gases emission. However, despite all the immense technological progress of recent years, the operation in a harsh and hard-to-reach environment remains challenging. According to the reports, each offshore wind turbine requires five maintenance visits a year on average, and the cumulative repair costs constitute around 30% of the turbine’s life-cycle expenditure. Motivated by the advancement of massive machine-type connectivity (mMTC) and satellite technologies, in this study, we investigate the potential of these to enable remote monitoring of the offshore wind farms. Specifically, the two alternative architectures are considered. The indirect architecture relies on using a local mMTC gateway (GW) with a backbone over a reliable communication channel (e.g., satellite or wire-based). The direct approach implies the transmission of the data by sensors on the wind turbines directly to the mMTC GW on the low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite. The details of the system design, the alternative implementation strategies and relevant pros, cons, and trade-offs are pin-pointed. Finally, we employ simulations using realistic deployment and traffic and advanced propagation and collision models to characterize these two approaches’ feasibility and packet delivery probability numerically when implemented over LoRaWAN mMTC technology.Abstract The offshore wind farms are gaining momentum due to their promise to offer sustainable energy with low pollution and greenhouse gases emission. However, despite all the immense technological progress of recent years, the operation in a harsh and hard-to-reach environment remains challenging. According to the reports, each offshore wind turbine requires five maintenance visits a year on average, and the cumulative repair costs constitute around 30% of the turbine’s life-cycle expenditure. Motivated by the advancement of massive machine-type connectivity (mMTC) and satellite technologies, in this study, we investigate the potential of these to enable remote monitoring of the offshore wind farms. Specifically, the two alternative architectures are considered. The indirect architecture relies on using a local mMTC gateway (GW) with a backbone over a reliable communication channel (e.g., satellite or wire-based). The direct approach implies the transmission of the data by sensors on the wind turbines directly to the mMTC GW on the low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite. The details of the system design, the alternative implementation strategies and relevant pros, cons, and trade-offs are pin-pointed. Finally, we employ simulations using realistic deployment and traffic and advanced propagation and collision models to characterize these two approaches’ feasibility and packet delivery probability numerically when implemented over LoRaWAN mMTC technology

Massive Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration for Remote Areas

AbstractDespite immense progress along different tracks, wireless connectivity for machine applications in remote areas is still very challenging. To address this vital need, in this article, we discuss and advocate the convergence between low-pow-er wide area network (LPWAN) grade massive machine-type communication (mMTC) wireless technologies and satellite (especially low Earth orbit, LEO) systems. In the article, we discuss the alternative implementation approaches allowing such convergence and highlight some of their pros, cons, and challenges. Furthermore, we obtain more in-depth insight into the matter by simulating and analyzing the LoRaWAN LPWAN sensors’ performance served by a LEO satellite-based gateway. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of such a system and illustrate some of the relevant trade-offs between the network configurations and communication performance. These results motivate us to take a more profound look at such systems and the challenges they introduce. We highlight some of them and the potential directions for further studies in the final sections.Abstract Despite immense progress along different tracks, wireless connectivity for machine applications in remote areas is still very challenging. To address this vital need, in this article, we discuss and advocate the convergence between low-pow-er wide area network (LPWAN) grade massive machine-type communication (mMTC) wireless technologies and satellite (especially low Earth orbit, LEO) systems. In the article, we discuss the alternative implementation approaches allowing such convergence and highlight some of their pros, cons, and challenges. Furthermore, we obtain more in-depth insight into the matter by simulating and analyzing the LoRaWAN LPWAN sensors’ performance served by a LEO satellite-based gateway. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of such a system and illustrate some of the relevant trade-offs between the network configurations and communication performance. These results motivate us to take a more profound look at such systems and the challenges they introduce. We highlight some of them and the potential directions for further studies in the final sections

Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a heterogeneous, chronic, and debilitating condition. It affects 400,000 individuals in the United Kingdom. IC/BPS presents with suprapubic pain or discomfort perceived to be related to the urinary bladder with one or more urinary symptoms (e.g., urgency, frequency or nocturia) for more than 6 weeks. The exact etiology is not clearly understood. It can sometimes co-exist with other chronic pain disorders, complicating the diagnosis and management. IC/BPS can adversely impact the quality of life, impede work, and interfere with the sleep, sexual and social life of the affected individual. The contemporary treatments are palliative and aim for symptom control only. There is no cure available presently. Moreover, treatment effects are highly variable; therefore, personalization of treatment is vital for achieving the desired outcomes. Management includes lifestyle modifications, physical therapy, systemic pharmacotherapy, intravesical therapies and surgery. Conservative treatments are usually used first, followed by invasive and combination therapies if required. Treatment should aim beyond symptom improvement and encompass improvement in quality of life. Further research is needed to understand the etiology and pathophysiology of IC/BPS. It will assist in the development of new biomarkers and drug development

Analysis and Simulation of LoRaWAN LR-FHSS for Direct-to-Satellite Scenario

AbstractLong Range-Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (LR-FHSS) has been recently introduced into the LoRaWAN protocol specification to increase network capacity and collision robustness, and enable direct connectivity between machine devices and the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. In this letter, we first construct the analytical and simulation models for packet delivery over LR-FHSS from ground nodes to a LEO satellite, and then use the developed analytic and simulation models to generate the numerical results. Our results reveal the potential feasibility of large-scale networks, demonstrate some trade-offs between the two new LR-FHSS-based data rates for the EU region, and reveal the key reasons for packet losses.Abstract Long Range-Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (LR-FHSS) has been recently introduced into the LoRaWAN protocol specification to increase network capacity and collision robustness, and enable direct connectivity between machine devices and the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. In this letter, we first construct the analytical and simulation models for packet delivery over LR-FHSS from ground nodes to a LEO satellite, and then use the developed analytic and simulation models to generate the numerical results. Our results reveal the potential feasibility of large-scale networks, demonstrate some trade-offs between the two new LR-FHSS-based data rates for the EU region, and reveal the key reasons for packet losses