Acid resistance of BW25113 wild-type (W/T) and various knockout mutants in LB medium (pH 2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Indole is an inter-species biofilm signal mediated by SdiA"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/42</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():42-42.</p><p>Published online 18 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1899176.</p><p></p>5) at 37°C. Each experiment was repeated two or four times and one standard deviation is shown

Intracellular and extracellular indole concentration in LB for BW25113, BW25113 , BW25113 , BW25113 , and BW25113

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Indole is an inter-species biofilm signal mediated by SdiA"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/42</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():42-42.</p><p>Published online 18 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1899176.</p><p></p> Each experiment was performed in duplicate, and one standard deviation is shown

Effect of indole (500 μM) on the motility of BW25113 wild-type (W/T), BW25113 , BW25113 , BW25113 , and BW25113

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Indole is an inter-species biofilm signal mediated by SdiA"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/42</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():42-42.</p><p>Published online 18 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1899176.</p><p></p> Motility halos were measured at 8 h. Each experiment was repeated two or four times, and one standard deviation is shown. DMF (0.1 %, v/v) was used as a negative control

Effect of the , , , , and mutations on biofilm formation in LB glu media

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Indole is an inter-species biofilm signal mediated by SdiA"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/42</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():42-42.</p><p>Published online 18 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1899176.</p><p></p> Biomass measured at 540 nm after 24 h. Each experiment was repeated two or four times, and one standard deviation is shown

Biofilm formation in LB glu at 24 h in flow cells (A) with wild-type K-12 BW25113, (B) with wild-type K-12 BW25113 with 500 μM indole, and (C) with K-12 BW25113

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Indole is an inter-species biofilm signal mediated by SdiA"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/42</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2007;7():42-42.</p><p>Published online 18 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1899176.</p><p></p> Scale bar is 5 μm

Microchannels throughout a branched network are uniformly expanded and circularized.

<p>(a) A pseudo-3D network constructed from a 7 layer stack of planar PLA branched networks before and after expansion (bars, 300 µm). (b) Due to the limitations of 2D lithographic microfabrication, the initially rectangular large channels in early branch generations have smaller aspect ratios than those in later generation branches (<i>n</i> = 1: <i>w₀</i> = 498 µm, <i>h₀</i> = 33 µm; <i>n</i> = 2: <i>w₀</i> = 81 µm, <i>h₀</i> = 31 µm; <i>n</i> = 3: <i>w₀</i> = <i>h₀</i> = 31 µm; <i>n</i> = 4: <i>w₀</i> = 14 µm, <i>h₀</i> = 35 µm). The degree of circularity (i.e., aspect ratio <i>h₀</i>/<i>w₀</i> approaching unity) is simultaneously improved across all branch generations after a single expansion step (15 psi of pressurized air for 20 min at 80°C; white bar, 500 µm; black bars, 100 µm). All experiment data are mean ± sd of 3 independent experiments. (c) A 3D branched microchannel network embedded in a 1.5×5×8 cm molded PLA block by electrostatic discharge contains a distribution of microchannel diameters that are not optimal for cell seeding (upper image). After air expansion (lower image), average diameters are significantly increased throughout and the sidewall topology becomes smoother (bar, 500 µm).</p

Seeding and culture of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) throughout PLA microchannel networks.

<p>(a) Confocal microscopy shows that the interior walls of a 200 µm diameter straight circularized microchannel can be uniformly seeded with endothelial cells that subsequently are confluently cultured in a monolayer lining the channel wall. (b) Fluorescent images show BAECs survive and maintain their morphology after 5 days in the straight circularized microchannel (bar, 50 µm). (c) BAECs seeded in four generations of branched microchannel network with diameters extending below 50 µm uniformly cover all channel walls and maintain viability after 3 days of culture (bar, 50 µm).</p

Liver Proteome Analysis in a Rodent Model of Alcoholic Steatosis

Alcoholic steatosis (AS) is the initial pathology associated with early stage alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and is characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver. AS is considered clinically benign because it is reversible, and the progression of AS to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) is a key step in the development of ALD. A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE)−mass spectrometry (MS) proteomic approach was used to investigate the protein expression pattern underlying AS, as the first step toward determining liver tissue biomarkers for early stage ALD. Several proteins involved in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism were up-regulated in 3- and 6-week ethanol-fed rats relative to isocaloric controls, which suggest a higher energy demand upon chronic exposure to ethanol. In addition, the expression of two proteins associated with alcohol-induced oxidative stress, peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), was down-regulated in ethanol fed rats, and suggests an increase in reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. To investigate if irreversible protein modification arising from oxidative stress during AS impacts protein levels, the extent of carbonylated proteins in the ethanol and isocaloric groups was identified using mass spectrometry. The detection of modified proteins involved in antioxidant functions further supports the notion that oxidative modification of these proteins leads to protein turnover during AS. In addition, the carbonylation of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase, a protein implicated in fatty liver development, in 3-week and 6-week ethanol exposed samples suggests that this protein could be a marker for early stage AS

Enlargement and circularization of PLA microchannels by pressure-assisted expansion.

<p>(a) Microchannels with initially rectangular cross-sectional profiles are molded in PLA using a PDMS master. (b–d) Pressurized air is injected upon heating the PLA into the rubbery state (i.e., above the glass transition temperature and below the melting temperature) causing the interior air pressure force to exceed the wall resistance. The initially rectangular channels eventually attain circular cross-sections. (e–g) Corresponding images of cross-sectional profiles obtained at different times during the expansion process (<i>w₀</i> = 81 µm, <i>h₀</i> = 31 µm) (e) before expansion; (f) 80°C, 15 psi for 15 min; and (g) 80°C, 15 psi for 25 min (expansion ratio = 5; bars, 50 µm). (h) Comparison between experimental results (symbols) and model predictions (lines) capture the expansion of initially rectangular microchannels as a function of time under different processing conditions (<i>w₀</i> = <i>h₀</i> = 31 µm). Microchannel size is expressed in terms of the instantaneous width (<i>w</i>). (i) Circular cross-sectional profiles are obtained regardless of initial rectangular channel aspect ratio (<i>h₀</i>/<i>w₀</i>; 80°C at 15 psi). (j) Cross-sectional images of channels before and after expansion under the same conditions as (i) with initial aspect ratios of 2.23 (<i>w₀</i> = 16 µm, <i>h₀</i> = 35 µm), 1.00 (<i>w₀</i> = <i>h₀</i> = 31 µm), 0.38 (<i>w₀</i> = 81 µm, <i>h₀</i> = 31 µm), and 0.07 (<i>w₀</i> = 498 µm, <i>h₀</i> = 33 µm) (white bar, 100 µm; black bar, 1000 µm). All experiment data are mean ± sd of 3 independent experiments.</p

Identification of Gut Bacterial Enzymes for Keto-Reductive Metabolism of Xenobiotics

Human gastrointestinal microbiota are known for the keto-reductive metabolism of small-molecule pharmaceuticals; however, the responsible enzymes remain poorly understood. Through in vitro biochemical assays, we report the identification of enzymes encoded in the genome of Clostridium bolteae that can reduce the ketone groups of nabumetone, hydrocortisone, and tacrolimus. The homologues to a newly identified enzyme (i.e., DesE) are potentially widely distributed in the gut microbiome. The selected enzymes display different levels of activities against additional chemicals such as two dietary compounds (i.e., raspberry ketone and zingerone), chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, and its aglycone metabolite doxorubicinone. Thus, our results expand the repertoire of enzymes that can reduce the ketone groups in small molecules and could serve as the basis for future personalized medicine approaches