10 research outputs found
Product-related environmental regulation and voluntary environmental actions : impacts of RoHS and REACH in Malaysia
Voluntary environmental actions, such as the adoption of ISO 14001, are gaining increasing attention in developing countries. This study examines the mechanism of ISO 14001 diffusion in a developing economy on the basis of a unique corporate survey of manufacturing sectors in Malaysia. Product-related environmental regulations, such as REACH, are contributing to this diffusion indirectly by promoting quality control standards such as ISO 9001. The importance of foreign direct investment and global value chains for ISO 14001 diffusion is also confirmed
The causal effect of private and organizational climate-related identity on climate protection activities: Evidence from a framed field experiment in Japan
Based on data for more than 2,400 citizens in Japan, this paper empirically examines the effect of climate-related identity in private and organizational contexts on revealed climate protec-tion activities, measured through incentivized donations. To identify causal effects, we include the concept of priming in our framed field experiment. In line with previous studies, our econ-ometric analysis reveals that environmental attitudes are strongly positively correlated with climate protection activities. However, we cannot confirm causal effects of climate-related attitudes since the private climate-related treatment has no significant effect. In contrast, the organizational climate-related treatment has a significantly positive effect on donations of employed persons for climate protection. This result is especially driven by a significant effect at the intensive margin. It suggests possible spillovers from organizational environmental and climate protection activities on individual climate protection activities so that climate protec-tion in companies, institutions, or other organizations has the potential to increase private cli-mate protection. Our results thus suggest that the stimulation of organizational climate pro-tection activities by climate policy measures such as taxes or subsidies can lead to a double dividend, i.e. to direct climate protection and to climate protection activities of persons who are employed in these organizations. Our empirical analysis also reveals that the estimated effect of the organizational climate-related treatment is particularly strong in the small sub-group of executive officers, managers of firms, and self-employed persons. This result sug-gests that higher individual responsibility and decision-making authority as well as compe-tences, also in terms of climate-related decisions, lead to stronger causal effects of organiza-tional on private climate protection activities
Long-term safety and efficacy of alogliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 3-year prospective, controlled, observational study (J-BRAND Registry)
Introduction Given an increasing use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the real-world setting, we conducted a prospective observational study (Japan-based Clinical Research Network for Diabetes Registry: J-BRAND Registry) to elucidate the safety and efficacy profile of long-term usage of alogliptin.Research design and methods We registered 5969 patients from April 2012 through September 2014, who started receiving alogliptin (group A) or other classes of oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs; group B), and were followed for 3 years at 239 sites nationwide. Safety was the primary outcome. Symptomatic hypoglycemia, pancreatitis, skin disorders of non-extrinsic origin, severe infections, and cancer were collected as major adverse events (AEs). Efficacy assessment was the secondary outcome and included changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin and urinary albumin.Results Of the registered, 5150 (group A: 3395 and group B: 1755) and 5096 (3358 and 1738) were included for safety and efficacy analysis, respectively. Group A patients mostly (>90%) continued to use alogliptin. In group B, biguanides were the primary agents, while DPP-4 inhibitors were added in up to ~36% of patients. The overall incidence of AEs was similar between the two groups (42.7% vs 42.2%). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed the incidence of cancer was significantly higher in group A than in group B (7.4% vs 4.8%, p=0.040), while no significant incidence difference was observed in the individual cancer. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the imbalanced patient distribution (more elderly patients in group A than in group B), but not alogliptin usage per se, contributed to cancer development. The incidence of other major AE categories was with no between-group difference. Between-group difference was not detected, either, in the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications. HbA1c and fasting glucose decreased significantly at the 0.5-year visit and nearly plateaued thereafter in both groups.Conclusions Alogliptin as a representative of DPP-4 inhibitors was safe and durably efficacious when used alone or with other OHAs for patients with type 2 diabetes in the real world setting