Network pharmacology analysis of <i>Plumbago zeylanica</i> to identify the therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms involved in ameliorating hemorrhoids

Plumbago zeylanica is an important plant used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of hemorrhoids or piles. Despite its clinical uses, its molecular mechanism, for ameliorating hemorrhoids is not yet explored. Hence, the present study evaluated the plausible molecular mechanisms of P. zeylanica in the treatment of hemorrhoids using network pharmacology and other in silico analysis. Network pharmacology was carried out by protein, GO, and KEGG enrichment analysis. Further ADME/T, molecular docking and dynamics studies of the resultant bioactive compounds of P. zeylanica with the regulated proteins were evaluated. Results of the network pharmacology analysis revealed that the key pathways and plausible molecular mechanisms involved in the treatment effects of P. zeylanica on hemorrhoids are cell migration, proliferation, motility, and apoptosis which are synchronized by cancer, focal adhesion, and by signalling relaxin, Rap1, and calcium pathways which indicates the involvement of angiogenesis and vasodilation which are the characteristic features of hemorrhoids. Further, the molecular docking and dynamics studies revealed that the bio active ingredients of P. zeylanica strongly bind with the key target proteins in the ambiance of hemorrhoids. Hence, the study revealed the mechanism of P. zeylanica in ameliorating hemorrhoids. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma Potential mechanisms of treatment of hemorrhoids are related to the processes including cell migration, regulation of cell population proliferation, cell motility, and apoptosis. The molecular docking outcomes reveal that the active ingredients of P. zeylanica bind with the key target proteins, such as PIK3CA, EGFR, PRKCA, VEGFA, MMP-9 and NOS2 in the management of hemorrhoids. Altogether, this study unveils the systemic biological profiles of P. zeylanica.</p

Descriptive characteristics of study sample of adult women in 27 developing countries.

Descriptive characteristics of study sample of adult women in 27 developing countries.</p

Association of minimum wage with overweight and obesity in adult women in overall and stratified two-level random intercept models.

<p>Association of minimum wage with overweight and obesity in adult women in overall and stratified two-level random intercept models.</p

Proportion of overweight and obese women in the sample across categories of socioeconomic status (SES).

<p>Panel A. Highest education level. Panel B. Occupation status. Panel C. Geographic location.</p

Additional file 1: of What explains gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from the demographic and health surveys

This document provides three tables titled “Table S1. Sample characteristics by gender and surveys”, “Table S2. Results from Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis of gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence using earlier DHSs conducted between 2004 and 2006, for countries surveyed twice between 2003 and 2012” and “Table S3. Results from Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis of gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence using earlier DHSs conducted between 2004 and 2006, for countries surveyed twice between 2003 and 2012”. (DOCX 110 kb

MOESM1 of Effectiveness of trauma centers verification: Protocol for a systematic review

Additional file 1. PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) 2015 checklist: recommended items to address in a systematic review protocol

Effect of a 1-mo increase in paid maternity leave on the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births, Demographic and Health Surveys, 2000–2007.

<p>Effect of a 1-mo increase in paid maternity leave on the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births, Demographic and Health Surveys, 2000–2007.</p

MOESM2 of Effectiveness of trauma centers verification: Protocol for a systematic review

Additional file 2. Preliminary search strategy

Pre-treatment trends in primary school completion and the prevalence of marriage before 15 and 18 years of age in each country.

Pre-treatment trends in primary school completion and the prevalence of marriage before 15 and 18 years of age in each country.</p

Trends in paid maternity leave benefits and country-level characteristics for treated and control countries, 2000–2008.

<p>Trends in paid maternity leave benefits and country-level characteristics for treated and control countries, 2000–2008.</p