Summary statistics comparing goodness of fit for different COPD mortality maximum likelihood models.

<p>*p Values are based on the Chi square test for comparisons between AP and AC model with the full APC model.</p

Age specific mortality rates from COPD in men (above) and women (below) by year of death in Hong Kong, 1981–2005.

<p>Age specific mortality rates from COPD in men (above) and women (below) by year of death in Hong Kong, 1981–2005.</p

Age specific mortality rates from COPD men (above) and women (below) by birth cohorts in Hong Kong.

<p>Age specific mortality rates from COPD men (above) and women (below) by birth cohorts in Hong Kong.</p

Parameter estimates of age, cohort and period effect from the full APC model for men (left) and women (right).

<p>Parameter estimates of age, cohort and period effect from the full APC model for men (left) and women (right).</p

Weekly Proportion of Influenza A and B Isolates and Weekly Number of Hospitalizations for Five Causes Observed and Fitted According to Core Model with Control for Seasonality for All Ages

<p>Weekly Proportion of Influenza A and B Isolates and Weekly Number of Hospitalizations for Five Causes Observed and Fitted According to Core Model with Control for Seasonality for All Ages</p

Percentage of Excess Hospitalizations Associated with Influenza at Different Ages

<p>ARD, acute respiratory diseases; P and I, pneumonia and influenza; CV, cerebrovascular disease; IHD, ischemic heart disease; DM, diabetes mellitus.</p

Meteorological conditions and air pollution concentrations in 1998

<p>Meteorological conditions and air pollution concentrations in 1998</p

Excess risk (ER) % in the never/seldom exercise group, and difference in excess risk (ΔER)% of mortality associated with each 10% increase in influenza intensity for low/moderate and frequent exercise relative to the never/seldom exercise.

<p>ER% were assessed by Poisson regression, and ΔER% were assessed by multinomial logistic regression, negative values indicate odds reduction vs never/seldom exercise (P-values: ^*<0.05 ^**<0.01 ^***<0.001 ^****<0.0001); ‘Never/Seldom’ means adults who never exercised or exercised less than once per month, ‘Low/Moderate’ means adults who exercised at least once per month to three times per week, and ‘Frequent’ means adults who exercised four times or more per week</p

Descriptive statistics of all adults who died at age 30 or above in year 1998

<p>E₀ = never/seldom; E₁ = low/moderate; E₂ = frequent</p

Plots of weekly proportion of total specimens positive for influenza isolation in 1998.

<p>Plots of weekly proportion of total specimens positive for influenza isolation in 1998.</p