Adjusted means and mean differences in triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and C-reactive protein by NS-SEC and ethnic group.

<p>Mean: means adjusted for sex, age, observer, month and school (random effect). Missing values: CRP (n = 159).</p><p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval of the mean.</p>¶<p>Estimates adjusted for ethnicity (all groups included).</p>‡<p>interaction test of NS-SEC and main ethnic groups (white European, black African-Caribbean, South Asian) and excluding “unclassified” NS-SEC group fitting NS-SEC as an ordinal variable.</p>§<p>interaction test of NS-SEC and main ethnic groups (white European, black African-Caribbean, South Asian) and excluding “unclassified” NS-SEC group fitting NS-SEC as a categorical variable.</p>†<p>per NS-SEC decrement from professional to economically inactive (excluding unclassified group).</p>€<p>per NS-SEC decrement from professional to routine &manual (excluding economically inactive and unclassified groups).</p>*<p>p-value for NS-SEC fitted as an unordered nominal variable (excluding unclassified group).</p><p>Percentage variance due to school differences: Triglyceride 5.3%, HDL-cholesterol 1.8%, C-reactive protein 1.6%.</p

Adjusted means and percentage differences in skinfolds, fat mass index and waist circumference by NSSEC and ethnic group.

<p>Mean: means adjusted for sex, age, observer, month and school (random effect). Missing values: sum of skinfolds (n = 12), fat mass index (n = 64), waist circumference (n = 1).</p><p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval of the mean.</p>¶<p>Estimates adjusted for ethnicity (all groups included).</p>‡<p>interaction test of NS-SEC and main ethnic groups (white European, black African-Caribbean, South Asian) and excluding “unclassified” NS-SEC group fitting NS-SEC as an ordinal variable.</p>§<p>interaction test of NS-SEC and main ethnic groups (white European, black African-Caribbean, South Asian) and excluding “unclassified” NS-SEC group fitting NS-SEC as a categorical variable.</p>†<p>per NS-SEC decrement from professional to economically inactive (excluding unclassified group).</p>€<p>per NS-SEC decrement from professional to routine &manual (excluding economically inactive and unclassified groups).</p>*<p>p-value for NS-SEC fitted as an unordered nominal variable (excluding unclassified group).</p><p>Note: Percentage variance due to school differences: sum of skinfolds 1.5%, fat mas index 3.5%, waist circumference 0.9%.</p

Adjusted means and percentage differences in height, weight and ponderal index by NS-SEC and ethnic group.

<p>Mean: means adjusted for sex, age, observer, month and school (random effect).</p><p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval of the mean.</p>¶<p>Estimates adjusted for ethnicity (all groups included).</p>‡<p>interaction test of NS-SEC and main ethnic groups (white European, black African-Caribbean, South Asian) and excluding “unclassified” NS-SEC group fitting NS-SEC as an ordinal variable.</p>§<p>interaction test of NS-SEC and main ethnic groups (white European, black African-Caribbean, South Asian) and excluding “unclassified” NS-SEC group fitting NS-SEC as a categorical variable.</p>†<p>per NS-SEC decrement from professional to economically inactive (excluding unclassified group).</p>€<p>per NS-SEC decrement from professional to routine &manual (excluding economically inactive and unclassified groups).</p>*<p>p-value for NS-SEC fitted as an unordered nominal variable (excluding unclassified group).</p><p>Note: Percentage variance due to school differences: height 0.3%, weight 0.9%, ponderal index 1.3%.</p

Socio-economic position (NS-SEC) by ethnic group in CHASE, n (%).

<p>Some column percentages do not total 100 due to rounding errors.</p

Adjusted means and mean differences in HbA1c, glucose and insulin resistance by NS-SEC and ethnic group.

<p>Mean: means adjusted for sex, age, observer, month and school (random effect). Missing values: glucose (n = 33), insulin resistance (n = 151).</p><p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval of the mean.</p>¶<p>Estimates adjusted for ethnicity (all groups included).</p>‡<p>interaction test of NS-SEC and main ethnic groups (white European, black African-Caribbean, South Asian) and excluding “unclassified” NS-SEC group fitting NS-SEC as an ordinal variable.</p>§<p>interaction test of NS-SEC and main ethnic groups (white European, black African-Caribbean, South Asian) and excluding “unclassified” NS-SEC group fitting NS-SEC as a categorical variable.</p>†<p>per NS-SEC decrement from professional to economically inactive (excluding unclassified group).</p>€<p>per NS-SEC decrement from professional to routine &manual (excluding economically inactive and unclassified groups).</p>*<p>p-value for NS-SEC fitted as an unordered nominal variable (excluding unclassified group).</p><p>Percentage variance due to school differences: HbA1c 5.8%, glucose 7.5%, insulin resistance 6.7%.</p

Means (geometric means) and differences (percent differences) in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk markers by breakfast frequency in 4,116 study participants: adjusted for adiposity markers.

<p>Adjusted means are the predicted means (or geometric means for those with footnote ^a) from a multilevel model adjusted for age quartiles, month, ethnicity, and sex fitted as fixed effects and school fitted as a random effect. <i>p</i> (Trend) summarizes evidence for an ordered trend across the four breakfast frequency groups.</p>a<p>Log transformed variables; geometric means are given for these variables. Percentage differences are given between children who reported not usually eating breakfast and children who reported eating breakfast daily.</p>b<p> Percent difference shown.</p><p>BP, blood pressure.</p><p>Means (geometric means) and differences (percent differences) in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk markers by breakfast frequency in 4,116 study participants: adjusted for adiposity markers.</p

Socio-demographic characteristics, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk markers, diet and physical activity for all study participants by breakfast frequency.

<p>Values shown are mean, SD unless otherwise indicated. <i>p</i>-Values test for unordered differences between breakfast groups and are derived from chi² tests (for socio-demographic variables) and ANOVA tests for all other continuous variables. NSP, non-starch polysaccharides.</p><p>*Based on 1,581 subjects.</p>a<p>Variable is log transformed.</p><p>Geometric means and geometric standard deviations are presented for log transformed variables. See <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001703#pmed.1001703.s007" target="_blank">Table S7</a> for raw data for these variables.</p><p>Socio-demographic characteristics, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk markers, diet and physical activity for all study participants by breakfast frequency.</p

Means (geometric means) and differences (percent differences) in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk markers by breakfast frequency in 4,116 study participants.

<p>Adjusted means (or geometric means for those with footnote ^a) from a multilevel model adjusted for age quartiles, month, ethnicity, and sex fitted as fixed effects and school fitted as a random effect. <i>p</i> (Trend) summarizes evidence for an ordered trend across the four breakfast frequency groups.</p>a<p>Log transformed variables. Geometric means are given for these variables; percent differences are given between children who reported not usually eating breakfast and children who reported eating breakfast daily.</p>b<p>Percent difference shown.</p><p>BP, blood pressure.</p><p>Means (geometric means) and differences (percent differences) in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk markers by breakfast frequency in 4,116 study participants.</p

Comparison of ethnic differences in body composition using different equations for deriving fat free mass in ABCC Study data.

*<p>Percentage differences shown for log transformed variables.</p><p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HT, height; WT, weight; Z, impedance.</p><p>All differences are adjusted for gender, age quartiles, observer (skinfolds only) and a random effect for school.</p

Means (geometric means) in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk markers by breakfast type in 2,004 study participants.

<p>Adjusted means are the predicted means (or geometric means for those with footnote ^a) from a multilevel model with age quartiles, month, ethnicity, and sex as fixed effects and school as a random effect. Both <i>p</i>-values test for heterogeneity between types of breakfast and exclude children who did not have breakfast.</p>a<p>log transformed variables; geometric means and interquartile ranges are given for these variables.</p><p>*<i>p</i>-Values are adjusted for age in quartiles, month, ethnicity, sex, and school (random effect).</p><p>**<i>p</i>-Values are adjusted for age in quartiles, month, ethnicity, sex, school (random effect) and also for adiposity (represented by fat mass index).</p><p>BP, blood pressure.</p><p>Means (geometric means) in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk markers by breakfast type in 2,004 study participants.</p