64 research outputs found

    Bond between Reinforcement and Self-Compacting Steel-Fibre-Reinforced Concrete

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    In this study, pull-out tests of specimens with short embedment length and varying fibre content were carried out. The results showed no effect from the fibres on the bond-slip behaviour before peak load when normalized with respect to the compressive strength. After peak, the fibre reinforcement provided extra confinement, changing the failure mode from splitting to pull-out failure. The test results were used to calibrate a frictional bond model in non-linear finite element analyses. The model proved to yield results in good agreement with the experimental results regarding failure modes, load-slip relation and splitting strains on the surfaces of the pull-out specimens. The tests and analyses in combination confirmed that the fibre reinforcement neither disturbed nor improved the bond properties at the interface layer between reinforcement steel and concrete; i.e. the fibres only provided confinement to the surrounding structure

    Clinical care advice for monitoring of islet autoantibody positive individuals with presymptomatic type 1 diabetes

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    Background/AimType 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that involves the development of autoantibodies against pancreatic islet beta-cell antigens, preceding clinical diagnosis by a period of preclinical disease activity. As screening activity to identify autoantibody-positive individuals increases, a rise in presymptomatic type 1 diabetes individuals seeking medical attention is expected. Current guidance on how to monitor these individuals in a safe but minimally invasive way is limited. This article aims to provide clinical guidance for monitoring individuals with presymptomatic type 1 diabetes to reduce the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis.MethodsExpert consensus was obtained from members of the Fr1da, GPPAD, and INNODIA consortia, three European diabetes research groups. The guidance covers both specialist and primary care follow-up strategies.ResultsThe guidance outlines recommended monitoring approaches based on age, disease stage and clinical setting. Individuals with presymptomatic type 1 diabetes are best followed up in specialist care. For stage 1, biannual assessments of random plasma glucose and HbA1c are suggested for children, while annual assessments are recommended for adolescents and adults. For stage 2, 3-monthly clinic visits with additional home monitoring are advised. The value of repeat OGTT in stage 1 and the use of continuous glucose monitoring in stage 2 are discussed. Primary care is encouraged to monitor individuals who decline specialist care, following the guidance presented.ConclusionsAs type 1 diabetes screening programs become more prevalent, effective monitoring strategies are essential to mitigate the risk of complications such as DKA. This guidance serves as a valuable resource for clinicians, providing practical recommendations tailored to an individual's age and disease stage, both within specialist and primary care settings

    Early-childhood body mass index and its association with the COVID-19 pandemic, containment measures and islet autoimmunity in children with increased risk for type 1 diabetes

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    Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this study was to determine whether BMI in early childhood was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and containment measures, and whether it was associated with the risk for islet autoimmunity. Methods: Between February 2018 and May 2023, data on BMI and islet autoimmunity were collected from 1050 children enrolled in the Primary Oral Insulin Trial, aged from 4.0 months to 5.5 years of age. The start of the COVID-19 pandemic was defined as 18 March 2020, and a stringency index was used to assess the stringency of containment measures. Islet autoimmunity was defined as either the development of persistent confirmed multiple islet autoantibodies, or the development of one or more islet autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes. Multivariate linear mixed-effect, linear and logistic regression methods were applied to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and the stringency index on early-childhood BMI measurements (BMI as a time-varying variable, BMI at 9 months of age and overweight risk at 9 months of age), and Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the effect of BMI measurements on islet autoimmunity risk. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with increased time-varying BMI (ÎČ = 0.39; 95% CI 0.30, 0.47) and overweight risk at 9 months (ÎČ = 0.44; 95% CI 0.03, 0.84). During the COVID-19 pandemic, a higher stringency index was positively associated with time-varying BMI (ÎČ = 0.02; 95% CI 0.00, 0.04 per 10 units increase), BMI at 9 months (ÎČ = 0.13; 95% CI 0.01, 0.25) and overweight risk at 9 months (ÎČ = 0.23; 95% CI 0.03, 0.43). A higher age-corrected BMI and overweight risk at 9 months were associated with increased risk for developing islet autoimmunity up to 5.5 years of age (HR 1.16; 95% CI 1.01, 1.32 and HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.00, 2.82, respectively). Conclusions/interpretation: Early-childhood BMI increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and was influenced by the level of restrictions during the pandemic. Controlling for the COVID-19 pandemic, elevated BMI during early childhood was associated with increased risk for childhood islet autoimmunity in children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Graphical Abstract

    HbA1c as a time predictive biomarker for an additional islet autoantibody and type 1 diabetes in seroconverted TEDDY children

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    Objective Increased level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is associated with type 1 diabetes onset that in turn is preceded by one to several autoantibodies against the pancreatic islet beta cell autoantigens; insulin (IA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), islet antigen-2 (IA-2) and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8). The risk for type 1 diabetes diagnosis increases by autoantibody number. Biomarkers predicting the development of a second or a subsequent autoantibody and type 1 diabetes are needed to predict disease stages and improve secondary prevention trials. This study aimed to investigate whether HbA1c possibly predicts the progression from first to a subsequent autoantibody or type 1 diabetes in healthy children participating in the Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. Research Design and Methods A joint model was designed to assess the association of longitudinal HbA1c levels with the development of first (insulin or GAD autoantibodies) to a second, second to third, third to fourth autoantibody or type 1 diabetes in healthy children prospectively followed from birth until 15 years of age. Results It was found that increased levels of HbA1c were associated with a higher risk of type 1 diabetes (HR 1.82, 95% CI [1.57-2.10], p Conclusion In conclusion, increased HbA1c is a reliable time predictive marker for type 1 diabetes onset. The increased rate of increase of HbA1c from first to third autoantibody and the decrease in HbA1c predicting the development of IA-2A are novel findings proving the link between HbA1c and the appearance of autoantibodies.</p

    Islet Autoimmunity and HLA Markers of Presymptomatic and Clinical Type 1 Diabetes: Joint Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies in Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the US

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    OBJECTIVETo combine prospective cohort studies, by including HLA harmonization, and estimate risk of islet autoimmunity and progression to clinical diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSFor prospective cohorts in Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the U.S., 24,662 children at increased genetic risk for development of islet autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes have been followed. Following harmonization, the outcomes were analyzed in 16,709 infants-toddlers enrolled by age 2.5 years.RESULTSIn the infant-toddler cohort, 1,413 (8.5%) developed at least one autoantibody confirmed at two or more consecutive visits (seroconversion), 865 (5%) developed multiple autoantibodies, and 655 (4%) progressed to diabetes. The 15-year cumulative incidence of diabetes varied in children with one, two, or three autoantibodies at seroconversion: 45% (95% CI 40–52), 85% (78–90), and 92% (85–97), respectively. Among those with a single autoantibody, status 2 years after seroconversion predicted diabetes risk: 12% (10–25) if reverting to autoantibody negative, 30% (20–40) if retaining a single autoantibody, and 82% (80–95) if developing multiple autoantibodies. HLA-DR-DQ affected the risk of confirmed seroconversion and progression to diabetes in children with stable single-autoantibody status. Their 15-year diabetes incidence for higher- versus lower-risk genotypes was 40% (28–50) vs. 12% (5–38). The rate of progression to diabetes was inversely related to age at development of multiple autoantibodies, ranging from 20% per year to 6% per year in children developing multipositivity in ≀2 years or >7.4 years, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe number of islet autoantibodies at seroconversion reliably predicts 15-year type 1 diabetes risk. In children retaining a single autoantibody, HLA-DR-DQ genotypes can further refine risk of progression.</div

    Hur ute Àr skolan? -en empirisk studie om pedagogers vanor av undervisning utomhus

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    Sammanfattning Vi upplever att det finns en uppÄtgÄende trend nÀr det gÀller att förlÀgga undervisning till utomhusmiljö. VÄrt syfte med denna undersökning var att vi ville ta reda pÄ och kartlÀgga vÄra huvudfrÄgor, nÀmligen i vilken utstrÀckning som pedagoger anvÀnder sig av undervisning utomhus, vilka Àmnen som förlÀggs utomhus och vilka tankar pedagogerna har om undervisning utomhus. Som metod anvÀndes i denna empiriska undersökning en enkÀt med frÄgeformulÀr som delades ut till undervisandepedagoger i Är ett, Är fem och Är nio. 17 frÄgeformulÀr delades ut och 53 kom tillbaka för sammanstÀllning. Vi hade nÄgra tankar om att det Àr vanligare i de yngre Äldrarna med undervisning utomhus Àn i de Àldre. Resultatet bekrÀftade vÄra tankar, i Är ett och Är fem anvÀnde sig pedagogen av utomhusmiljön i större utstrÀckning Àn pedagoger i Är nio. NÀr det gÀller vilka Àmnen som undervisas utomhus Àr det framförallt matematik som undervisas utomhus, trots detta var det endast nÄgra som angav att matematik var ett Àmne som Àr naturligare att förlÀgga till utomhusmiljö. De uppfattningar om fördelar och nackdelar som pedagogerna angav delades in i olika kategorier. Anledningarna till att pedagoger undervisade utomhus var övervÀgande pedagogiska eller hÀlsorelaterade. Det var fÄ pedagoger som undervisade utomhus för att ge eleverna friluftsupplevelser. Uppsatsens betydelse för lÀraryrket Àr att den förhoppningsvis vÀcker tankar hos bÄde oss och andra pedagoger till att reflektera över de faktiska förhÄllanden som rÄder nÀr det gÀller undervisning utomhus

    To promote children’s participation : A study of some children’s librarians’ approach on children’s participation in the activities of public libraries.

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    The objective of this thesis is to explore the prerequisites for children’s participation in the activities of the public library as expressed by six children’s librarians. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were carried out to investigate how the librarians interpreted the concept of participation and viewed power issues between children and adults. Further, difficulties and possibilities experienced in working with children’s participation and manifestations of children’s participation in everyday library work were also investigated. The theoretic framework of the thesis was based on childhood theory together with concepts drawn from Gallagher on childhood and power relationships in work involving children’s participation. The results reveal that participation is viewed as a complex and problematical concept. The informants interpretations vary from participation as passive observers to involvement, at least to the extent of being asked to participate in the planning of activities at libraries. Although aware of the imbalance of power between adults and children, the informants described difficulties in allowing children to take control. A lack of time was found to be the greatest hinder in working with participation. Time, they argue, is required in order to create security, to build relationships and to be able to reflect on participation processes. The most common manifestation of children’s participation is the use of children’s suggestions for buying library materials. However, we conclude that children are in fact participative in that they have access to libraries guided by a child perspective. Children are listened to and respected by the children’s librarians although there is still much that can be done to improve the extent of children’s participation in everyday library work.Program: Bibliotekari

    Pedagogers tankar kring sin yrkesroll i förskolan : - nÀr förutsÀttningar Àndras

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    Vi lever i en förÀnderlig tidsperiod. Effektiviseringar och omstrukturering av den svenska förskolan sedan i mitten av 1990- talet har resulterat i större barngrupper och fÀrre personal enligt undersökningar som gjorts. Samtidigt som dessa effektiviseringar och omstruktureringar skedde fick förskolan en lÀroplan, Lpfö98, och lyder numera under Utbildningsdepartementet. Regeringens direktiv var att höja statusen och kvalitén ute pÄ förskolorna. Uppsatsen belyser hur pedagogerna i en mindre stad i södra Sverige tÀnker kring sin arbetssituation och sin yrkesroll pÄ förskolan. Syftet med arbetet Àr att fÄ fram pedagogernas tankar och upplevelser kring sin yrkesroll. Syftet Àr ocksÄ att pedagogerna ska fÄ ge uttryck för hur de upplever sitt arbete nÀr de yttre förutsÀttningarna Àndras. VÄr uppsats bygger pÄ intervjuer av sju verksamma pedagoger. Resultatet visar att pedagogerna upplever att de har en yrkesstolthet och en kompetens att utföra ett gott arbete men att det finns faktorer som negativt pÄverkar hur vÀl de kan utföra sitt arbete. Pedagogerna framhÀver faktorer som tidsbrist, brist pÄ personal samt att det i arbetet alltmer ingÄr uppgifter som innebÀr att de fÄr gÄ ifrÄn barngruppen. Pedagogerna upplever att det professionella arbetet i att erbjuda en god pedagogisk verksamhet inte gÄr att uppfylla pÄ ett tillfredstÀllande sÀtt om det inte ges rÀtt förutsÀttningar. Dock visar vÄrt resultat Àven att dessa förÀndringar inte pÄverkat vad pedagogerna anser vara essensen i sin yrkesroll

    Pedagogers tankar kring sin yrkesroll i förskolan : - nÀr förutsÀttningar Àndras

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    Vi lever i en förÀnderlig tidsperiod. Effektiviseringar och omstrukturering av den svenska förskolan sedan i mitten av 1990- talet har resulterat i större barngrupper och fÀrre personal enligt undersökningar som gjorts. Samtidigt som dessa effektiviseringar och omstruktureringar skedde fick förskolan en lÀroplan, Lpfö98, och lyder numera under Utbildningsdepartementet. Regeringens direktiv var att höja statusen och kvalitén ute pÄ förskolorna. Uppsatsen belyser hur pedagogerna i en mindre stad i södra Sverige tÀnker kring sin arbetssituation och sin yrkesroll pÄ förskolan. Syftet med arbetet Àr att fÄ fram pedagogernas tankar och upplevelser kring sin yrkesroll. Syftet Àr ocksÄ att pedagogerna ska fÄ ge uttryck för hur de upplever sitt arbete nÀr de yttre förutsÀttningarna Àndras. VÄr uppsats bygger pÄ intervjuer av sju verksamma pedagoger. Resultatet visar att pedagogerna upplever att de har en yrkesstolthet och en kompetens att utföra ett gott arbete men att det finns faktorer som negativt pÄverkar hur vÀl de kan utföra sitt arbete. Pedagogerna framhÀver faktorer som tidsbrist, brist pÄ personal samt att det i arbetet alltmer ingÄr uppgifter som innebÀr att de fÄr gÄ ifrÄn barngruppen. Pedagogerna upplever att det professionella arbetet i att erbjuda en god pedagogisk verksamhet inte gÄr att uppfylla pÄ ett tillfredstÀllande sÀtt om det inte ges rÀtt förutsÀttningar. Dock visar vÄrt resultat Àven att dessa förÀndringar inte pÄverkat vad pedagogerna anser vara essensen i sin yrkesroll

    Parents expectations on the nurse of hospitalized children 0-18 years

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    Det har forskats en hel del om förÀldrars delaktighet i omvÄrdnaden av sitt sjuka barn, men forskningen rörande förÀldrarnas förvÀntningar pÄ sjuksköterskan Àr inte lika omfattande. Syftet har varit att belysa förÀldrars förvÀntningar pÄ sjuksköterskan vid vÄrd av inlagda barn 0-18 Är. Studien har genomförts som en litteraturstudie dÀr resultatet bygger pÄ Ätta (8) vÄrldsomfattande vetenskapliga forskningsrapporter. Som teoretisk referensram har Calgary modellen för familjecentrerad omvÄrdnad anvÀnts. I resultatet framtrÀdde följande kategorier som var betydelsefulla förvÀntningar frÄn förÀldrarna: information, tillgÀnglighet, kontinuitet, stöd - förtroende samt samarbete - delaktighet. förÀldrarna Àr i behov av omvÄrdnad nÀr deras barn Àr inlagt pÄ sjukhus, dÀrmed blir förÀldrarnas förvÀntningar pÄ sjuksköterskan stora
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