Designing Safer and Greener Antibiotics

Legacy description not available</p

Biodegradation of ionic liquids – a critical review

Legacy description not available</p

Development of a More Sustainable Appel Reaction

Herein, we report a green, chromatography-free Appel chlorination and bromination in both catalytic and stoichiometric form. Improved sustainability was achieved via the effective replacement of chlorinated solvents with dimethyl carbonate and the use of triphenylphosphine oxide (PPh3O) as a recyclable organocatalyst. The substrate scope of this halogenated solvent-free reaction was shown to be analogous to a contemporary methodology, and removal and recovery of PPh3O from the desired products were effectively demonstrated. Investigations into the catalytic cycle were conducted, and REACT-IR was demonstrated to be an effective method of reaction monitoring in situ. Optimized methodology was applied to the synthesis of 1-bromo-4-(1-bromoethyl)­benzene, a key building block employed during the discovery of a GSK fatty acid synthase inhibitor

Development of a More Sustainable Appel Reaction

Herein, we report a green, chromatography-free Appel chlorination and bromination in both catalytic and stoichiometric form. Improved sustainability was achieved via the effective replacement of chlorinated solvents with dimethyl carbonate and the use of triphenylphosphine oxide (PPh3O) as a recyclable organocatalyst. The substrate scope of this halogenated solvent-free reaction was shown to be analogous to a contemporary methodology, and removal and recovery of PPh3O from the desired products were effectively demonstrated. Investigations into the catalytic cycle were conducted, and REACT-IR was demonstrated to be an effective method of reaction monitoring in situ. Optimized methodology was applied to the synthesis of 1-bromo-4-(1-bromoethyl)­benzene, a key building block employed during the discovery of a GSK fatty acid synthase inhibitor

Supplementary document for Supergrowth and sub-wavelength object imaging - 6587927.pdf

Intensity calculation

Supplementary document for Enhanced on-chip frequency measurement using weak value amplification - 5474937.pdf

Description of numerical methods used in the main pape

Replacement of Less-Preferred Dipolar Aprotic and Ethereal Solvents in Synthetic Organic Chemistry with More Sustainable Alternatives

Dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents comprise just over 40% of all organic solvents utilized in synthetic organic, medicinal, and process chemistry. Unfortunately, many of the common “go-to” solvents are considered to be “less-preferable” for a number of environmental, health, and safety (EHS) reasons such as toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or for practical handling reasons such as flammability and volatility. Recent legislative changes have initiated the implementation of restrictions on the use of many of the commonly employed dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethyl­formamide (DMF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and for ethers such as 1,4-dioxane. Thus, with growing legislative, EHS, and societal pressures, the need to identify and implement the use of alternative solvents that are greener, safer, and more sustainable has never been greater. Within this review, the ubiquitous nature of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed with respect to the physicochemical properties that have made them so appealing to synthetic chemists. An overview of the current legislative restrictions being imposed on the use of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed. A variety of alternative, safer, and more sustainable solvents that have garnered attention over the past decade are then examined, and case studies and examples where less-preferable solvents have been successfully replaced with a safer and more sustainable alternative are highlighted. Finally, a general overview and guidance for solvent selection and replacement are included in the Supporting Information of this review

Replacement of Less-Preferred Dipolar Aprotic and Ethereal Solvents in Synthetic Organic Chemistry with More Sustainable Alternatives

Dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents comprise just over 40% of all organic solvents utilized in synthetic organic, medicinal, and process chemistry. Unfortunately, many of the common “go-to” solvents are considered to be “less-preferable” for a number of environmental, health, and safety (EHS) reasons such as toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or for practical handling reasons such as flammability and volatility. Recent legislative changes have initiated the implementation of restrictions on the use of many of the commonly employed dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethyl­formamide (DMF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and for ethers such as 1,4-dioxane. Thus, with growing legislative, EHS, and societal pressures, the need to identify and implement the use of alternative solvents that are greener, safer, and more sustainable has never been greater. Within this review, the ubiquitous nature of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed with respect to the physicochemical properties that have made them so appealing to synthetic chemists. An overview of the current legislative restrictions being imposed on the use of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed. A variety of alternative, safer, and more sustainable solvents that have garnered attention over the past decade are then examined, and case studies and examples where less-preferable solvents have been successfully replaced with a safer and more sustainable alternative are highlighted. Finally, a general overview and guidance for solvent selection and replacement are included in the Supporting Information of this review

Experiments in climate governance – lessons from a systematic review of case studies in transition research

Experimentation has been proposed as one of the ways in which public policy can drive sustainability transitions, notably by creating or delimiting space for experimenting with innovative solutions to sustainability challenges. In this paper we report on a systematic review of articles published between 2009 and 2015 that have addressed experiments aiming either at understanding decarbonisation transitions or enhancing climate resilience. Using the case survey method, we find few empirical descriptions of real-world experiments in climate and energy contexts in the scholarly literature, being observed in only 25 articles containing 29 experiments. We discuss the objectives, outputs and outcomes of these experiments noting that explicit experimenting with climate policies could be identified only in 12 cases. Based on the results we suggest a definition of climate policy experiments and a typology of experiments for sustainability transitions that can be used to better understand the role of and learn more effectively from experiments in sustainability transitions

Experiments in climate governance – a systematic review of research on energy and built environment transitions

Experimentation has been proposed as a key way in which governance drives sustainability transitions, notably by creating space for innovative solutions to emerge. In seeking to bring greater coherence to the literatures on climate and sustainability governance experiments, this article reports on a systematic review of articles published between 2009 and 2015. Based on these results a new definition and typology of climate governance experiments is suggested. The typology distinguishes between the various purposes experiments can have, including niche creation, market creation, spatial development, and societal problem solving. It deepens the understanding of the diversity in experimenting by highlighting the salient features of different types of governance experiments. It can therefore guide future research to generate more cumulative research findings contributing to a better understanding of the role and outcomes of experiments in societal transitions. The findings also suggests that real transitions towards low-carbon and climate-resilient societies will require a systematic deliberate combination of different types of experiments