Oxidation Kinetics of Selected Taste and Odor Compounds During Ozonation of Drinking Water

The applicability of ozonation to mitigate taste and odor problems in drinking water was investigated. Second-order rate constants of eleven taste and odor compounds with ozone and hydroxyl radicals were determined under laboratory conditions. Measured rate constants for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals are between 3 × 109 and 1010 M-1s-1 and for ozone:  kβ-cyclocitral = 3890 ± 140 M-1s-1; kgeosmin = 0.10 ± 0.03 M-1s-1; k3-hexen-1-ol = 5.4 ± 0.5 × 105 M-1s-1; kβ-ionone = 1.6 ± 0.13 × 105 M-1s-1; k2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine = 50 ± 3 M-1s-1; k2-methylisoborneol = 0.35 ± 0.06 M-1s-1; k2,6-nonadienal = 8.7 ± 0.4 × 105 M-1s-1; k1-penten-3-one = 5.9 ± 0.1 × 104 M-1s-1; k2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) = 7.4 ± 0.2 × 104 M-1s-1; k2,4,6-tribromoanisole = 0.02 ± 0.01 M-1s-1; k2,4,6-trichloroanisole = 0.06 ± 0.01 M-1s-1. Experiments conducted in natural waters showed that the removal efficiency during ozonation can be reliably predicted with the determined second-order rate constants. Ozonation is a powerful tool capable of oxidizing most of the taste and odor compounds to more than 50% under typical drinking water treatment conditions. For ozone-resistant taste and odor compounds, the application of advanced oxidation processes may be appropriate

Oxidation Kinetics of Selected Taste and Odor Compounds During Ozonation of Drinking Water

The applicability of ozonation to mitigate taste and odor problems in drinking water was investigated. Second-order rate constants of eleven taste and odor compounds with ozone and hydroxyl radicals were determined under laboratory conditions. Measured rate constants for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals are between 3 × 109 and 1010 M-1s-1 and for ozone:  kβ-cyclocitral = 3890 ± 140 M-1s-1; kgeosmin = 0.10 ± 0.03 M-1s-1; k3-hexen-1-ol = 5.4 ± 0.5 × 105 M-1s-1; kβ-ionone = 1.6 ± 0.13 × 105 M-1s-1; k2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine = 50 ± 3 M-1s-1; k2-methylisoborneol = 0.35 ± 0.06 M-1s-1; k2,6-nonadienal = 8.7 ± 0.4 × 105 M-1s-1; k1-penten-3-one = 5.9 ± 0.1 × 104 M-1s-1; k2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) = 7.4 ± 0.2 × 104 M-1s-1; k2,4,6-tribromoanisole = 0.02 ± 0.01 M-1s-1; k2,4,6-trichloroanisole = 0.06 ± 0.01 M-1s-1. Experiments conducted in natural waters showed that the removal efficiency during ozonation can be reliably predicted with the determined second-order rate constants. Ozonation is a powerful tool capable of oxidizing most of the taste and odor compounds to more than 50% under typical drinking water treatment conditions. For ozone-resistant taste and odor compounds, the application of advanced oxidation processes may be appropriate

Blood glucose concentrations and body weight in young and aged mice during the 4-day insulin glargine treatment.

<p>Young (white symbols, <i>n</i> = 9–10) and aged (black symbols, <i>n</i> = 6) C57BL/6 mice were injected once daily (5 p.m.) with insulin glargine (circles) or vehicle (squares) for 4 consecutive days (arrow indicate s.c. injection time point). A,B: Blood glucose levels from tail bleeds (A) and body weight (B) at 5 p.m. Data are mean±SEM.</p

ECoG power spectral analysis in young (white) and aged (black) mice.

<p>Young (<i>n</i> = 9–10) and aged C57BL/6 mice (<i>n</i> = 6) were injected once daily (5 p.m.) with insulin glargine or vehicle for 4 consecutive days. A-F: ECoG power spectral analysis, calculated by fast fourier transformation (FFT) and expressed as % power change of control (vehicle application) during the 4-day lasting treatment period for the theta (4–8 Hz) (A,B), alpha (8–12 Hz) (C,D), and beta (12–30 Hz) (E,F) frequency bands. Data are indicated as time response during the insulin glargine treatment, denoted as 12-hour average±SEM (7 p.m. to 7 a.m. and 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.) (A,C,E) and as 2-day average±SEM (day 1–2, day 3–4) (B,D,F). Statistical significance to control injection is denoted as follows: ***<i>P</i><0.001. Significance between the values under the brackets are ^#<i>P</i><0.05, ^##<i>P</i><0.005.</p

Insulin signaling in the brain in young and aged mice after intravenous or intracerebroventricular insulin stimulation.

<p>A-C: Western Blot analysis in brain tissues after intravenous (i.v.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) human insulin or vehicle injection in overnight fasted animals. A: Representative Western Blot out of 5 independent experiments of phospho-AKT (Ser473) (P-AKT) and AKT. Parallel Western blots were run to detect unphosphorylated AKT. B,C: Quantification of P-AKT after i.v. (B) or i.c.v. (C) injection of insulin (black) or vehicle (white). P-AKT was quantified based on scanning densitometry of western blots normalized for GAPDH, and the values are calculated by the relative density (P-AKT/AKT ratio). Ins, insulin. Data are mean ± SEM; <i>n</i> = 5–9 per condition and group; *<i>P</i><0.05.</p

Concentrations of glucose, insulin and albumin in human paired CSF/serum samples.

<p>A: Correlation of CSF glucose with plasma glucose concentrations in humans (<i>P</i><0.0001, <i>r</i> = 0.49). B: Correlation of CSF insulin with serum insulin concentrations in humans (<i>P</i><0.0001, <i>r</i> = 0.40). C: Increased CSF/serum ration for albumin as marker for the blood-CSF barrier in older people and strong positive correlation with age (<i>P</i><0.0001, <i>r</i> = 0.42). D: CSF/serum ratio for insulin in older people and negative correlation with age in humans (<i>P</i> = 0.04, <i>r</i> = -0.16).</p

MOESM1 of Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on body composition, fluid status and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in type 2 diabetes: a prospective study using bioimpedance spectroscopy

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Course of HbA1c (A), BMI (B), fat tissue index (FTI, C), lean tissue index (LTI, D), total body water (E), intracellular water (F), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (G and H) and heart rate (I) under treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors. Left side shows absolute values, right side shows values normalized for baseline value. Whiskers indicate median and interquartile range. Friedman test was performed to test for significant differences during course of follow up; Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to evaluate for differences between respective points of follow up; Bonferroni correction for multiple testing was performed

Coefficient of variation for in postmenopausal female participants and male participants (n = 72) (premenopausal female participants (n = 17) excluded).

(DOCX)</p

ECoG power spectral analysis in aged mice after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of insulin.

<p>A-C: C57BL/6 mice (<i>n</i> = 6) were i.c.v. injected with human insulin or vehicle and cortical activity was calculated 120 min after the injection for (A) theta, (B) alpha, and (C) beta frequency bands. ECoG power spectral analysis is expressed as % power change of NaCl (vehicle application). Inserts illustrate the quantification of the averaged 120 min measurement period of respective frequency bands. Data are mean±SEM. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: ***<i>P</i><0.001.</p

Coefficients of variation in relation to the number of citations per year.

Coefficients of variation of the analyzed indices in relation to the number of citations of the original article per year calculated by the total number of citations divided by the years since first publication. Indices that we could not found or differentiate in our literature research or which are not published yet are presented in red using random values for the y axis. Abbreviations: C = C-peptide; I = Insulin; G = Glucose. (TIF)</p