Alternative Formulations for the Income Component of HDI

human development, consumption, globalization

International poverty projections

The authors investigate the methodology used in projections of international poverty - particularly those used in many World Bank documents. The methodology, as developed by Ahluwalia, Carter, and Chenery (1979) in an influential paper, is examined critically and subjected to sensitivity analysis. It was found that their projections of poverty are not robust to reasonable changes and improvements in the methodology; in some cases, even the projections'time trend is reversed. Thus, analysts and policymakers should treat such global forecasts of poverty with caution.Economic Theory&Research,Achieving Shared Growth,Economic Conditions and Volatility,Inequality,Environmental Economics&Policies

Gender Inequality in Human Development: Theories and Measurement

human development, gender measurement, gender equality

Human Resources for Health Observer Series No. 16

This study on the health workforce is based on data at district level from the Indian census of 2001. The census of India 2001 canvassed information on the occupation of main and marginal workers, which is coded using the National Classification of occupations (NCO) 2004 at four-digit level. There are 19 distinct occupations of health workers at the four-digit level in NCO, which have been aggregated into nine separate categories for the purposes of this study (Table 1). In addition, we have further aggregated some of these categories to form relevant groups, namely all health workers, all doctors and nurses, all doctors and AYUSH doctors. The data for this study were specifically extracted for each district in the country from the 2001 census by the Office of the Registrar General of India. These data on main plus marginal health workers consist of district tables that cross-classify the nine health worker categories by four education levels and by medical qualification; the data are also disaggregated by urban-rural stratum and gender of worker. This information is contained in four pages of tables for each of the country’s 593 districts

Introduction: Debates on the Measurement of Global Poverty

Global poverty is higher on the public agenda than ever before. While it has always been a central concern of development economists and professionals, it has never before been studied so intensively, and has never been as prominent in the public consciousness as it has become over the last few years. This new focus is due in part to the commitment of the international community to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)—the first of which is to halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty. It is due also to substantial progress in the collection and analysis of data. While we can now say much more about global poverty than in the past, considerable controversy has developed about how to analyze and interpret the data, and what they tell us about the magnitude and rate of change of global poverty

RADIO AWARE TRANSPORT FOR CRITICAL FRONTHAUL TRAFFIC ON TDMPON/XGS-PON NETWORK FOR 5G/LTE-A TDD XHAUL NETWORK

The challenges that are associated with the use of a passive optical network (PON) in mobile fronthaul, midhaul, or backhaul environments are significant. To address those types of challenges, techniques are presented herein that support radio aware transport, where radio Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode awareness is fed into a PON dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm. Additionally, a radio baseband processor (as a virtual network function (VNF) or a physical network function (PNF)) at a service layer may use a hardware slice of a PON’s optical line terminal (OLT) equipment for transport. Aspects of the techniques presented herein introduce more precise knowledge to a PON DBA to make it more intelligent, leverage developed information indicating when media is free from critical fronthaul traffic so that such unallocated time can be given to schedule other traffic types, protect and guarantee a service-level agreement (SLA) for very strict fronthaul traffic in terms of jitter, packet error rate, and latency, etc