Estimating specific inherent optical properties of tropical coastal waters using bio-optical model inversion and in situ measurements: case of the Berau estuary, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Specific inherent optical properties (SIOP) of the Berau coastal waters were derived from in situ measurements and inversion of an ocean color model. Field measurements of water-leaving reflectance, total suspended matter (TSM), and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations were carried out during the 2007 dry season. The highest values for SIOP were found in the turbid waters, decreasing in value when moving toward offshore waters. The specific backscattering coefficient of TSM varied by an order of magnitude and ranged from 0.003 m2 g-1, for clear open ocean waters, to 0.020 m2 g-1, for turbid waters. On the other hand, the specific absorption coefficient of Chl a was relatively constant over the whole study area and ranged from 0.022 m2 mg-1, for the turbid shallow estuary waters, to 0.027 m2 mg-1, for deeper shelf edge ocean waters. The spectral slope of colored dissolved organic matter light absorption was also derived with values ranging from 0.015 to 0.011 nm-1. These original derived values of SIOP in the Berau estuary form a corner stone for future estimation of TSM and Chl a concentration from remote sensing data in tropical equatorial water

Spatial Multi-criteria Decision Making for Delineating Agricultural Land in Jakarta Metropolitan Area\u27s Hinterland: Case Study of Bogor Regency, West Java

The hinterland of Jakarta has experienced high pressure in its land utilization due to Jakarta\u27s rapid development. The objective of this research was to analyse the suitable land available for agriculture. The research was conducted in Bogor, a hinterland regency of Jakarta. The methodology used includes two steps of analysis, which are land suitability and land availability analysis. Land suitability for agriculture was analysed using multi-criteria decision making method. Seven (7) criteria were included, which consist of soil class, land capability class, slope, elevation, slope aspect, land use/land cover and distance to roads. The criteria were weighted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process. Combining criteria weights and sub-criteria scores, an overlay model in Geographic Information System was applied. The result from land suitability analysis was used as a feed for determining land availability, considering the forest area status and land allocation in the official spatial land use plan. The results indicate that an area amounting to 87.5% of Bogor Regency is suitable for agriculture. Land which is suitable and available for agriculture is 16.7% of the regency\u27s area. Considering available land which is currently in use, the area that can be allocated for the expansion of agriculture is 3.3%

Evaluasi Lahan Fisik Dan Ekonomi Komoditas Pertanian Utama Transmigran Di Lahan Marjinal Kering Masam Rantau Pandan Sp-4, Provinsi Jambi

Most of the land used for transmigration resettlement activities outside of Java Island is marginal land that requires highproduction inputs and susceptible to degradation. One of the need to be taken into consideration in the choice of location is land suitability. The objective of this study is to determine the land suitability of agricultural transmigration area with a case study of Transmigration Settlement Unit (UPT) of RantauPandan SP-4, Jambi Province, for cultivation of food crops, vegetables and perennial crops and analyse the level of biophysical and economical feasibility of several commodities. The actual land suitability assessment for the three agricultural commodities indicate the dominance land suitability classes of S3 (marginally suitable) with terrain, nutrient retention and nutrients available become dominant limiting factors. Economic land suitability analysis indicate that the biggest gross margin is rubber, while the smallest is rice. Results of analysis are used to determine the spatial land use recommendations on transmigration location. Results of analysis are not always in line with the transmigration pattern of land allocation. Nonetheless, these results suggested to be applied, for considerations of land conservation as well as farmers\u27 welfare

Distribution of chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature (SST) using modis data in east Kalimantan waters, Indonesia

Regular monitoring of near-shore and open-water parameters for marine management in East Kalimantan waters, Indonesia is still limited. The objective of this research is to determine and interpret the seasonal and spatial variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) in East Kalimantan waters. A standard MODIS SST split-window algorithm and empirical Chlorophyll-a 0C-3M algorithm were used to generate the Level 2 MODIS SST and Chl-a images. MODIS or Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer is a key instrument aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. From March 2005 to August 2006, the SST and Chl-a were retrieved from the sensor data in East Kalimantan coastal and open-sea waters. In situ measurements from near-shore waters were used to validate the MODIS Level 2 data. A comparison of MODIS with in situ values for SST and Chl-a shows: RMSE=1.21°C, Bias=-3.42, n=121 and RMSE=1.01mg.m -3 , Bias=+2.45, n=75, although some anomalies were observed in the retrievals in both datasets. The analysis of seasonal variations indicates that there was low SST variability between wet and dry season. There was also low variability between SST values in near-shore and open-sea waters. However, for both seasons, open-sea SST was paradoxically found to be warmer than the near-shore waters. The Chl-a maps revealed low Chl-a variability between wet and dry season. Different value ranges in Chl-a were found between near-shore waters (1.00-56.00 mg.n -3 ) and open waters (1.00-4.00 mg.n -3 ). The Chl-a values retrieved from MODIS for both seasons were higher in near-shore water. The SST and Chl-a in near-shore waters have a low positive interrelationship in wet season. During dry season, the relationship between these two variables varies from positive to negative. This study demonstrated that MODIS Level 2 data from Malaysia Ground Receiving Station (MGRS) can successfully be used to obtain SST and Chl-a in Southeast Asian coastal and open waters

The estimation of total suspended matter from satellite imagery of tropical coastal water Berau Estuary, Indonesia

Water in coastal and estuary areas needs to be investigated as human activities is allegedly decrease their quality. This has led to optical remote sensing for mapping optical water quality using empirical and semi-analytical approaches. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the Total Suspended Matter (TSM) concentration from Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) data using a spectral unmixing approach combined with a radiative transfer model. This approach was implemented in the equatorial tropical coastal water, the Berau estuary, Indonesia, by generating a look-up table (LUT) of top-of-atmosphere radiance spectra through the coupled forward models, and the endmembers were selected from the LUT. The spectral unmixing algorithm was employed to the MERIS data for decomposing the image into haze and sediment components. The data were then transformed into images of a constant haze level corresponding to 50 km visibility, and the atmospheric correction was applied. Furthermore, the TMS concentration was retrieved using the inverse semi-analytical Kubelka-Munk model. The result gave overestimated TSM concentration values on clear waters. However, in turbid waters, a lower RMSE was obtained, and the coefficient of determination was higher than in clear waters

Estimating total suspended matter concentration in tropical waters of the Berau estuary, Indonesia

This study presents the application of a semi-empirical approach, based on the Kubelka–Munk (K-M) model, to retrieve the total suspended matter (TSM) concentration of water bodies from ocean colour remote sensing. This approach is validated with in situ data sets compiled from the tropical waters of Berau estuary, Indonesia. Compared to a purely empirical approach, the K-M model provides better results in the retrieval of TSM concentration on both data sets (in situ and Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS)). In this study, the K-M model was calibrated with in situ measurements of remote-sensing reflectance (R rs) and TSM concentration. Next, the inverse K-M model was successfully applied to images taken by the MERIS instrument by generating regional maps of TSM concentration. MERIS top-of-atmosphere radiances were atmospherically corrected using the Moderate Spectral Resolution Atmospheric Transmittance (MODTRAN) radiative transfer model. The best correlation between R rs measured in situ and R rs MERIS was found to be at a wavelength of 620 nm. The TSM concentrations retrieved using the K-M model showed a lower root mean square error (RMSE), a higher coefficient of determination and a smaller relative error than those retrieved by the purely empirical approach

Medium resolution imaging spectrometer data for monitoring tropical coastal waters: a case study of Berau estuary, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

This article investigates the performance of MERIS reduced resolution data to monitor water quality parameters in the Berau estuary waters, Indonesia. Total suspended matter (TSM), Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration and diffuse attenuation coefficient (

Dynamic System Modelling and Land Suitability to Define Priority Areas of Soybean Plantation in Paddy Fields in Karawang, West Java

One of the agricultural public commodities in Indonesia which still cannot fulfill its domestic consumption needs is soybean. The objectives of the research, which was conducted in Karawang Regency, West Java, Indonesia, were to: (i) identify the suitable area for soybean plantations in paddy fields, (ii) assess the development of soybeans in land use and socio-economic context, and (iii) plan the spatially soybean plantation. A soil survey and land evaluation for soybean was completed. IKONOS imagery was applied to delineate paddy fields while a dynamic system modelling was developed using Powersim 8.0 software. The results of the research showed that the suitability class for soybean plantation in the paddy fields of Karawang Regency ranges from unsuitable (N) to suitable (S2), with limiting factors being temperature, fertility, nutrients retention, slope, erosion, rooting media and toxicity. Very limited arable land has been used so far for soybeans plantations due to low economic returns. The model predicts that, should the development of soybean continues in its business as usual path, a deficit of soybean will occur in 2030. The model provides alternative scenarios to reduce the deficit. Prioritization was done spatially using the suitable land gradually, corresponding to the government budget availability