902 research outputs found
Application of trusted computing to secure video broadcasts to mobile receivers
This paper addresses the problem of configuring mobile devices to receive broadcast services protected by legacy conditional access systems. The protocols apply the concepts of trusted computing to allow a mobile host to demonstrate that it is secure, before any application or associated keys are securely downloaded. Thus the protocols are applicable anywhere a secure download is required. A general analysis of the security of the protocols is presented, followed by the results of formal verification.
Exploring Patterns of Upstream Internationalization: The Role of Home-region ‘Stickiness’
Recent work has emphasized the importance of regional strategies downstream, adding new depth to the debate on ‘globalization’. This paper adds to the debate by exploring the regional dimension upstream for a sample of Triad-based Fortune 500 firms. We find support for our hypothesis that MNEs with higher levels of value-added upstream are relatively constrained in their ability to shift that activity outside the home region due to its strategic significance to home-region stakeholders
Macro Intentions, Micro Realities
The current understanding of Regional Integration is largely macro-economic and political in orientation and has tended to neglect, even ex post, the significance of the Single European Market (SEM) for the spatial restructuring of individual firms. The problem stems largely from a lopsided understanding of Regional Integration. This paper introduces a two-level approach in which integration and its outcomes are studied based on the strategic intent and strategic realities of two types of key actors: governments and core companies. In this contribution it is argued that in advocating the SEM, these actors did not necessarily share the same strategic intent. A new firm-level data set shows also that the expectations of European policymakers did not accurately match actual strategies developed by European core companies
The Search for Synergy between Institutions and Multinationals: Institutional Uncertainty and Patterns of Internationalization
The debate on globalization has long been characterized by theses of institutional convergence and divergence. The emergence of Anglo-Saxon shareholder capitalism as the dominant paradigm since the start of the 1990s is associated with the pursuit of global strategies by Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) and the consolidation of a multilateral trade regime. Yet the link between actual MNE strategies and developments in the institutional arena remains an understudied phenomenon. Tensions between multiple levels of institution building – unilateralism, regionalism and multilateralism – create an environment of strategic uncertainty for MNEss. Consequently, MNEs’ actual international strategies reveal much about perceptions of the institutional environment in which they operate and allows for the documentation of more subtle paradigm shifts. The internationalization strategies pursued by MNEs from the Triad over the 1990s reveal that a multilateral strategic reality was anticipated by only an elite few, while the vast majority of firms operated in a unilaterally- or at best regionally-determined institutional environment. This contribution suggests that institutional restructuring is multifaceted and sometimes contradictory, casting a new and more subtle light on the globalization debate
Developing an e-infrastructure for social science
We outline the aims and progress to date of the National Centre for e-Social
Science e-Infrastructure project. We examine the challenges faced by the project, namely in
ensuring outputs are appropriate to social scientists, managing the transition from research
projects to service and embedding software and data within a wider infrastructural
framework. We also provide pointers to related work where issues which have ramifications
for this and similar initiatives are being addressed
Report of the user requirements and web based access for eResearch workshops
The User Requirements and Web Based Access for eResearch Workshop, organized jointly by NeSC and NCeSS, was held on 19 May 2006. The aim was to identify lessons learned from e-Science projects that would contribute to our capacity to make Grid infrastructures and tools usable and accessible for diverse user communities. Its focus was on providing an opportunity for a pragmatic discussion between e-Science end users
and tool builders in order to understand usability challenges, technological options, community-specific content and needs, and methodologies for design and development. We invited members of six UK e-Science projects and one US project, trying as far as
possible to pair a user and developer from each project in order to discuss their contrasting perspectives and experiences. Three breakout group sessions covered the
topics of user-developer relations, commodification, and functionality. There was also extensive post-meeting discussion, summarized here.
Additional information on the workshop, including the agenda, participant list, and talk slides, can be found online at http://www.nesc.ac.uk/esi/events/685/
Reference: NeSC report UKeS-2006-07 available from http://www.nesc.ac.uk/technical_papers/UKeS-2006-07.pd
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Pacific and Indian Ocean climate signals in a tree-ring record of Java monsoon drought
Extreme climate conditions have dramatic socio-economic impacts on human populations across the tropics. In Indonesia, severe drought and floods have been associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events that originate in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Recently, an Indian Ocean dipole mode (IOD) in sea surface temperature (SST) has been proposed as another potential cause of drought and flood extremes in western Indonesia and elsewhere around the Indian Ocean rim. The nature of such variability and its degree of independence from the ENSO system are topics of recent debate, but understanding is hampered by the scarcity of long instrumental records for the tropics. Here, we describe a tree-ring reconstruction of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for Java, Indonesia, that preserves a history of ENSO and IOD-related extremes over the past 217 years. Extreme Javan droughts correspond well to known ENSO and IOD events in recent decades, and most extreme droughts before this recent period can be explained by known ENSO episodes. Coral proxies from regions near or within the two poles of the IOD show good agreement with Javan PDSI extremes over the past ∼150 years. The El Niño of 1877, in conjunction with a positive IOD, was one of the most intense and widespread episodes of the past two centuries, based on instrumental and proxy data from across the tropical Indo-Pacific and Asian monsoon regions. Although Java droughts typically show the expected association with El Niño-like conditions and failed Indian monsoons, others (mainly linked to positive IOD conditions) co-occur with a strengthened Indian monsoon, suggesting linkages between the Indian monsoon, Indonesian drought and Indian Ocean climatic variability. The close associations between the Java PDSI, ENSO and Indian Ocean climate are consistent with the hypothesis that interannual ENSO to decadal ENSO-like modes interact to generate dipole-like Indian Ocean variability
Observed Global Changes in Sector-Relevant Climate Extremes Indices—An Extension to HadEX3
Global gridded data sets of observed extremes indices underpin assessments of changes in climate extremes. However, similar efforts to enable the assessment of indices relevant to different sectors of society have been missing. Here we present a data set of sector-specific indices, based on daily station data, that extends the HadEX3 data set of climate extremes indices. These additional indices, which can be used singly or in combinations, have been recommended by the World Meteorological Organization and are intended to empower decision makers in different sectors with accurate historical information about how sector-relevant measures of the climate are changing, especially in regions where in situ daily temperature and rainfall data are hard to come by. The annual and/or monthly indices have been interpolated on to a 1.875° × 1.25° longitude-latitude grid for 1901–2018. We show changes in globally-averaged time series of these indices in comparison with reanalysis products. Changes in temperature-based indices are consistent with global scale warming, with days with Tmax > 30°C (TXge30) increasing virtually everywhere with potential impacts on crop fertility. At the other end of the scale, the number of days with Tmin < −2°C (TNltm2) are reducing, decreasing potential damage from frosts. Changes in heat wave characteristics show increases in the number, duration and intensity of these extreme events in most places. The gridded netCDF files and, where possible, the underlying station indices are available fromAll software, with the exception of Climpact2 which is in R (Ihaka & Gentleman, 1996; R Core Team, 2013), have been written in Python 3 (Python Software Foundation, 2013). The dependencies and interplay between them have been controlled using a Rose (Shin et al., 2019)/Cylc suite (Oliver et al., 2018). RJHD was supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by DSIT and by the UK-China Research & Innovation Partnership Fund through the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership (CSSP) China under the International Science Partnerships Fund (ISPF), and thanks Kate Willett, Lizzie Good and Nick Rayner for useful discussions and comments. LVA was supported by Australian Research Council Grant CE170100023. MGD is grateful for funding by the Horizon 2020 LANDMARC project (grant agreement no. 869367). JM was supported by the RED-CLIMA (Red Española e Iberoamericana sobre Variabilidad Climática y Servicios Climáticos en Ecosistemas Terrestres y Marinos: RED-CLIMA) Project, under Grant INCCLO0023 from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas LINCGLOBAL CSIC from Spain. Additional funding comes from National Institute of Science and Technology for Climate Change Phase 2 under CNPq Grant 465501/2014-1; FAPESP Grant 2014/50848-9; and the National Coordination for Higher Education and Training (CAPES) Grants 88887.136402–00INCT. Data from Southeast Asia (excl. Indonesia) was supported by work on using ClimPACT2 during the Second Workshop on ASEAN Regional Climate Data, Analysis and Projections (ARCDAP-2), 25–29 March 2019, Singapore, jointly funded by Meteorological Service Singapore and WMO through the Canada-Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) initiative. Daily data for Mexico were provided by the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) of Comisión Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA). The Pacific data is associated with an ET-SCI workshop in Fiji over 7–11 December 2015 funded by Environment Canada. Additional detail available via https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0748.1. We acknowledge the data providers in the ECA&D project (http://www.ecad.eu), the SACA&D project (https://sacad.database.bmkg.go.id), and the LACA&D project. We thank Thelma Cinco and Rosaline de Guzman (PAGASA-DOST, Philippines), Imke Durre and Matthew Menne (NOAA-NCEI), Tin Mar Htay (Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Myanmar), Mahbobeh Khoshkam (I.R. of Iran Meteorological Organization), Gerald Lim and Lim Li-Sha (Meteorological Service Singapore, Singapore), Maria de los Milagros Skansi (Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Argentina), Chalump Oonariya and Nichanun Trachow (Thai Meteorological Department, Thailand), Cham Pham (National center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting of Vietnam, Vietnam), Fatemeh Rahimzadeh (formerly Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center, Iran), Ernesto Salgado Rubio (Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Honduras), Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan (Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Indonesia), Lucie Vincent (Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada) for supplying data used in this work. We also thank all those who have supplied data for all the HadEX datasets over the past two decades.Peer Reviewed"Article signat per 29 autors/es: Robert J. H. Dunn, Nicholas Herold, Lisa V. Alexander, Markus G. Donat, Rob Allan, Margot Bador, Manola Brunet, Vincent Cheng, Wan Maisarah Wan Ibadullah, Muhammad Khairul Izzat Bin Ibrahim, Andries Kruger, Hisayuki Kubota, Tanya J. R. Lippmann, Jose Marengo, Sifiso Mbatha, Simon McGree, Sandile Ngwenya, Jose Daniel Pabon Caicedo, Andrea Ramos, Jim Salinger, Gerard van der Schrier, Arvind Srivastava, Blair Trewin, Ricardo Vásquez Yáñez, Jorge Vazquez-Aguirre, Claudia Villaroel Jiménez, Russ Vose, Mohd Noor’Arifin Bin Hj Yussof, Xuebin Zhang"Postprint (published version
The Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE) initiative ACRE China workshop: Recovery, digitization, and analysis of pre-mid-twentieth century climate observational data in East Asia workshop on 23-24 August, Beijing, China
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