Effect of HT61 against MSSA and MRSA in a murine skin bacterial colonization model.

<p>Stationary phase MSSA (A) and MRSA (B) were applied onto 2 cm² skin area followed by addition of HT61 gel, Bactroban and placebo (control) for 2 hours. Log phase MSSA were treated with HT61 gel, Bactroban and placebo (control) for 2 hours on mouse skin (C). The data has been repeated twice.</p

Effects of HT61 and marketed antibiotics against stationary phase non-multiplying MSSA and MRSA.

<p>HT61 and the antibiotics were added to the non-multiplying cultures at different concentrations. CFU counts were carried out after 24 hours of incubation. A. Effects of HT61, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, azithromyicin, levofloxacin, linezolid, daptomycin and mupirocin against MSSA. B. Effects of HT61, vancomycin, daptomycin and mupirocin against MRSA. These results were confirmed in two independent experiments.</p

Effects of HT61 against stationary phase non-multiplying <i>S. pyogenes</i>, S. <i>agalactiae</i>, <i>S. epidermidis</i> and <i>P. acnes</i>.

<p>HT61 was added to the non-multiplying cultures at 20, 10, 5 and 0 µg/ml. CFU counts were carried out after 24 hours of incubation. These results were confirmed in two independent experiments.</p

Speed of kill with HT61 against non-multiplying MSSA and MRSA.

<p>HT61 was incubated with MSSA (A) and MRSA (B) at different concentrations for 24 hours. At different time points, CFU counts were performed.</p

The MSC₅₀ and MIC of HT61 against clinically isolated MRSA, VISA and VRSA.

<p>The MSC₅₀ and MIC of HT61 against clinically isolated MRSA, VISA and VRSA.</p

HT61-induced cytoplasmic membrane permeabilization determined by the DiSC3(5) assay.

<p>Non-multiplying and log phase MSSA were incubated with DiSC3(5) to a final concentration of 0.4 mM until no more quenching was detected, which was followed by addition of 0.1 M KCl. Different concentrations of HT61 were incubated with non-multiplying MSSA (A) and log phase MSSA (B). The changes in fluorescence were monitored at various time points. The data was confirmed in two independent experiments.</p

Thin sectioned electron micrographs of <i>S. aurues</i> analyzed by transmission electron microscopy.

<p>The cells were fixed 10 minutes after HT61 treatment. A. normal <i>S. aureus</i> cells. B. HT61 at 10 µg/ml. C. HT61 at 20 µg/ml. D. HT61 at 40 µg/ml. The scale bar is 0.2 µm.</p

Growth curves of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i>.

<p>The bacterium was grown in nutrient broth medium with shaking for 10 days. The arrows indicate the timepoints when the cultures were used for drug sensitivity test. These results were confirmed in two independent experiments.</p

Effect of HT61 against MSSA and MRSA in a murine skin bacterial infection model.

<p>A. After tape-stripping the skin, log phase MSSA was applied onto the skin area. At different time points CFU counts of the bacteria were determined. The arrow indicates the point which the treatment was initiated. B. Treatment of HT61, Bactroban and placebo (control) against MSSA and C. Treatment of HT61, Bactroban and placebo (control) against MRSA. **, P<0.01. The data has been repeated twice.</p

Number of individuals among test (periodontitis) and control (healthy) groups according to HSP60 levels being undetectable, less or greater than 1000 ng/ml.

<p>Asterisk refers to statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between groups within each category as computed with Chi-square test.</p