An overview of neural networks use in anomaly intrusion detection systems

With the increasing number of computers being connected to the Internet, security of an information system has never been more urgent. Because no system can be absolutely secure, the timely and accurate detection of intrusions is necessary. This is the reason of an entire area of research, called Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). Anomaly systems detect intrusions by searching for an abnormal system activity. But the main problem of anomaly detection IDS is that; it is very difficult to build, because of the difficulty in defining what is normal and what is abnormal. Neural network with its ability of learning has become one of the most promising techniques to solve this problem. This paper presents an overview of neural networks and their use in building anomaly intrusion systems

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING IN COMMUNITY PROJECTS IN WAJIR EAST DISTRICT, WAJIR COUNTY

Purpose: Youth need a chance to develop their various communities through participation in decision making on projects that can bring about the beautification of their community without depending on the government. This study examined the factors that influence participation of youth in decision making in community projects in the Wajir East district, Wajir County. The study was guided by the objectives of finding out the influence of gender on participation of youth in decision making in community projects, investigating the influence of cultural factors on participation of youth in decision making in community projects, finding out the influence of educational level on participation of youth in decision making in community projects and investigating on  the influence of government policies on participation of youth in decision making in community projects in Wajir East district, Wajir County. Methodology: This study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The target population of this study comprised of 24, 066 youth, aged between 18-35 years in Wajir East district, Wajir County. This study used simple random sampling to select 380 youths from the total youth in Wajir East district, Wajir County. The primary research instrument used in the study was a questionnaire and an interview guide was used also for specific leaders. The sample data from the survey was subjected to descriptive statistical data analysis methods -SPSS and presented in form of tables, figures and charts. The data was interpreted in form of descriptions, frequencies and percentages. Results: The findings and the conclusion of the study were that youth were mostly ignored in decision making in community projects in the area of study due to the influence of unfavorable government policies, low levels of education, cultural practices as well as gender imbalances. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study recommended that youth participation should be valued in Wajir County and Kenya at large to ensure that all citizens take part in development activities, government policies should be formulated which create room for every person to participate in spite of the differences in academic qualifications as well as gender, and that gender and culture should be overlooked in the current world so that every person can participate fully in decision making on community projects for more succes

LEVELS OF JOB SATISFACTION AMONG PARA-PROFESSIONALS IN ACADEMIC LIBRARIES IN BAUCHI STATE.

This study investigated the levels of job satisfaction among para-professionals in academic libraries in Bauchi State. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The population of the study consist all the 250 paraprofessionals in the six academic libraries in Bauchi State. The entire population was used without sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire titled “Levels of Job Satisfaction among Para-Professionals in Academic Libraries Questionnaire” (LOJSPALQ). This instrument was validated by three experts. The reliability of the instrument was determined using Cronbach Alpha which yielded an overall co-efficient value of 0.78. Mean score and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. The null hypotheses were tested using independent samples t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that male para-professionals were satisfied with their job as regards staff development than their female counterpart; the findings also revealed that there is no significant difference in the mean response of male and female para-professionals on their level of job satisfaction based on staff development and promotional opportunities in academic libraries in Bauchi State. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended among others that the universities, polytechnics and colleges of education management should endeavor to provide a level playing ground for equal opportunities between male and female para-professionals staff by ensuring that basic needs for academic excellence are provided for all, irrespective of gender, and the management should develop and sustain policies that will enhance parameters of job satisfaction

Factors Influencing the Utilisation of Antenatal Care Services among Women of Reproductive Age (15 – 49 Years) in Garowe, Puntland State of Somalia

Despite governments' and international development partners' efforts, maternal deaths remain prevalent in Somalia, with approximately 621 deaths per 10,000 live births. Most complications resulting in these deaths are amenable to the use of quality obstetric care services, especially antenatal care (ANC) services. While the prevalence and correlates of prenatal care use are well documented, limited studies have focused on antenatal care uptake in Garowe, Puntland state of Somalia.  This study aims to highlight factors associated with antenatal care services use among women aged 15–49 in Garowe, Nugaal Region, Somalia. We used a descriptive cross-sectional design. A cluster sampling technique was used to select 384 participants for the study. Logistic regression was computed to identify independent factors associated with four ANC visits. Respondents’ average age was 30.2 years, with a range of 16 to 48 years. More than half (56.8%, n=218) of the respondents did not complete four ANC visits. Multivariable analysis established that those who lack insurance, (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)= 6.07, 95%CI: 3.41 – 10.80, p<0.00), used public transport (aOR = 3.68, 95%CI: 1.31 – 10.32, p =0.013), walk to the health facility (aOR =4.0, 95%CI: 1.80 – 8.77, p =0.001), agreed that women discourage ANC attendance in the community (aOR = 3.72, 95%CI: 1.63 – 8.49, p =0.002) and had used TBAs (aOR =13.13, 95%CI: 6.81 – 25.29, p<0.001 were likely to not complete four ANC visits compared to their counterparts. While the WHO now recommends eight antenatal care visits, most pregnant women in the study setting did not complete the previously recommended four antenatal care visits, largely due to social and economic factors. There is a need to provide support to women in the community through financial support and ensure that ANC services are affordable and accessible to increase uptak

A Unified Deep Transfer Learning Model for Accurate IoT Localization in Diverse Environments

Internet of Things (IoT) is an ever-evolving technological paradigm that is reshaping industries and societies globally. Real-time data collection, analysis, and decision-making facilitated by localization solutions form the foundation for location-based services, enabling them to support critical functions within diverse IoT ecosystems. However, most existing works on localization focus on single environment, resulting in the development of multiple models to support multiple environments. In the context of smart cities, these raise costs and complexity due to the dynamicity of such environments. To address these challenges, this paper presents a unified indoor-outdoor localization solution that leverages transfer learning (TL) schemes to build a single deep learning model. The model accurately predicts the localization of IoT devices in diverse environments. The performance evaluation shows that by adopting an encoder-based TL scheme, we can improve the baseline model by about 17.18% in indoor environments and 9.79% in outdoor environments.Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC 2024

Impact of Different Drip Emitter Types on Hydraulic Performance and Wetted Zone Characteristics in Okra Cultivation

Drip irrigation system is the most efficient and economical method for irrigation vegetable production. The study aimed to design and evaluate the hydraulic performance of three different types of emitter namely Regular gauge (RG), Compensating pressure (CP) and non-compensating pressure (NCP) using okra as a test of a crop. This study was conducted at the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Science, Zamzam University in 2023. The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Parameters of hydraulic performance of drip emitters were average discharge (Qavg %), discharge variation (Qvar), coefficient uniformity (CU %), coefficient of manufacture variation (CV), emission uniformity (EU %) and statistical uniformity (US %). The results showed that the values of (CU%), (CV), (EU%), (US%) and percentage emitters clogging (Pclog%) were 99.52%, 0.49, 68.01%, 74.14%, 2.8% and 99.32%, 0.36, 52.06%, 63.47%, 1.65% and 99.09%, 0.26, 40.07%, 51.05%, 0.85% for non-compensating pressure (NCP), compensating pressure (CP) and regular gauge (RG respectively. It is considered coefficient uniformity (CU %), was good and found to be within the excellent range while discharge variation (Qvar) was found to be within the desirable range, emission uniformity (EU %), coefficient of manufacture variation (CV), and statistical uniformity (Us %) were found to be within the range of poor, low, acceptable and unacceptable. Thus, the study recommended the best type of emitter was regular gauge (RG), because it has the highest crop yield and water productivity as compared to other emitters, non-compensating pressure emitters (NCP) and compensating pressure emitters (CP

Determination of antibiotics susceptibility pattern of some Enterobacteriaceae associated with acute diarrhea among children in Kano, Nigeria

The study was aimed to determination of antibiotics susceptibility pattern of some enteric bacteria associated with diarrhea among children in Kano, Northern Nigeria. In the Study, total of two hundred and fifty samples (250) from the study subjects were examined. Enteric bacteria were isolated and identified using conventional methods while the identified isolates were screened for antibiotic susceptibility testing using agar disc diffusion method. Total of 523 Enterobacteriaceae isolates identified were subjected to multi drug resistance (MDR) test, of which 27 (5.2%) isolates were resistant to four or more antibiotics tested while 496 (94.8%) of the isolates were resistant to less than four antibiotics. E. coli showed high resistant to streptomycin (63.2%) and chloramphenicol (23.8%). Salmonella was resistant to streptomycin (78.3%), gentamicin (61.9%) and erythromycin (33.7%) while Shigella spp were resistant to streptomycin (74.6%), gentamicin (76.6%) and ampicillin (54%). On the other hand, E. coli demonstrated sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (92.8%), tetracycline (92.8%), augmentin (90.7%) and nalidixic acid (94.8%). Salmonella spp was highly sensitive to augmentin (96.8%), nalidixic acid (93.5%), tetracycline (91.3) and ciprofloxacin (93.5%) while Shigella spp was sensitive to nalidixic acid (93.7%), chloramphenicol (93.7%) and ciprofloxacin (83%). The antibiotic resistance exists among enteric bacteria associated with diarrhea in children

A Review of Strategies to Prevent On-Site Construction Waste

One of the most important concerns that improves building profitability is the implementation of a positive approach to minimize construction waste. This paper will discuss the roots of construction waste, current waste reduction strategies, and lastly the possible use of waste management. Furthermore, the key environmental priority for this issue should be to control and mitigate construction waste generation. The purpose of this study is to provide prevention measures, and the rising tide of public awareness is all conspiring to modify the face of waste management. Clients, contractors, suppliers, and designers Architects & Engineers all have opportunities and duties to reduce construction waste. The outcomes of this study will assist academics in furthering their research into important management strategies for reducing on-site building waste

Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security in Somalia: Challenges and Adaptation Strategies

Climate change significantly threatens food security in Somalia, a nation heavily reliant on agriculture and pastoralism. The country faces challenges such as erratic rainfall, prolonged droughts, floods, and rising temperatures, which disrupt agricultural productivity and exacerbate food insecurity. This paper explores the impacts of climate change on Somalia’s food security and identifies challenges and adaptation strategies. The objectives include understanding the linkage between climate change and food insecurity and proposing actionable solutions to enhance resilience among vulnerable populations. Using a review methodology, this study synthesizes secondary data from scholarly articles, reports, and organizational publications. Major findings highlight that climate change has led to reduced crop yields, livestock losses, degraded fisheries, and increased resource conflicts. Key adaptation strategies such as climate-smart agriculture, early warning systems, livelihood diversification, and international aid demonstrate the potential to address these challenges. Despite these strategies, political instability, insufficient infrastructure, and limited governance impede progress. Building resilience requires a multi-faceted approach that integrates sustainable practices, enhanced technology, and collaborative governance to safeguard food security in Somalia. This study concludes that climate change exacerbates Somalia’s existing vulnerabilities, posing an existential threat to its food security. Addressing these challenges requires an integrated approach encompassing sustainable agricultural practices, enhanced governance, and strengthened international cooperation. By prioritizing these interventions, Somalia can build resilience and safeguard the livelihoods of its most vulnerable populations in the face of ongoing climate disruption

Techno-Economic Analysis of Off-Grid PV Solar System for Residential Building Load: A Case Study in Baidoa, Somalia

The demand for energy is increasing day by day globally. To overcome the problem of energy scarcity, solar energy promises to be one of the best solutions without a significant increase in the carbon footprint of the atmosphere. Currently, most Somalis do not have access to a regular source of power. The country does not have a national grid, relying on outdated, costly and inefficient diesel generators. The energy consumption in Somalia is dependent on firewood and charcoal, dependencies that rely on deforestation and desertification, which negatively influence the agricultural sector and also the environment. In this work, the potential of solar power in Somalia is assessed while estimating the cost of solar panels per household. The aim of this study is to assess the cost, ecological and economic efficiency of the off-grid PV home system in residential buildings in Baidoa, Somalia. A stand-alone solar home system of 1.98kW PV capacity with battery backup is designed by using HOMER software. The daily primary load considered is 7.530 kWh, with a peak of the nominal power of 1.60 kW. The results show that renewable energy sources can replace conventional energy sources and that they would be a viable solution for generating electrical energy in residential houses in Baidoa with a reasonable investment. It was also found that the amount of power produced by solar panels is 7,400kWh/year. With an initial investment of $5580, the annualized life cycle cost of the system is$0.483, the payback period of initial investment is 2 years and 8 months period, and the net present cost (NPC) of the project is $18,684