Data_Sheet_1_Fungal growth response to recurring heating events is modulated by species interactions.PDF

An increasing frequency of heat events can affect key organisms related to ecosystem functions. Soil saprobic fungi have important roles in carbon and nutrient cycling in soils, and they are clearly affected by heat events. When tested individually, saprobic soil fungi showed a variety of growth responses to a series of two heat events. However, in nature, these fungi rarely grow alone. Coexistence theory predicts that diversity in the response to stressors can influence the outcome of species interactions and growth. This means that the co-cultivation of different fungi may affect their growth response to heat events. To test if recurring heat events affect fungal growth in small synthetic communities, we evaluated fungi previously known to respond to recurring heat events in experimental small communities composed of two and three species. For the fungi growing in pairs, surprisingly, most of the responses could not be predicted by how the isolates responded individually. In some cases, facilitation or increased competition was observed. For the three fungi growing together, results were also not predicted by the individual or pair responses. Both the heat events and the small communities influenced the growth of the fungi and growth properties emerged from the interactions among isolates and the heat stress. We show that not only do environmental conditions influence fungal interactions and growth rates but also that the co-cultivation of different fungi affects the fungal response to recurring heat events. These results indicate that more complex experimental designs are needed to better understand the effects of recurring heat events and climate change on soil fungi.</p

Data_Sheet_2_Fungal growth response to recurring heating events is modulated by species interactions.xlsx

An increasing frequency of heat events can affect key organisms related to ecosystem functions. Soil saprobic fungi have important roles in carbon and nutrient cycling in soils, and they are clearly affected by heat events. When tested individually, saprobic soil fungi showed a variety of growth responses to a series of two heat events. However, in nature, these fungi rarely grow alone. Coexistence theory predicts that diversity in the response to stressors can influence the outcome of species interactions and growth. This means that the co-cultivation of different fungi may affect their growth response to heat events. To test if recurring heat events affect fungal growth in small synthetic communities, we evaluated fungi previously known to respond to recurring heat events in experimental small communities composed of two and three species. For the fungi growing in pairs, surprisingly, most of the responses could not be predicted by how the isolates responded individually. In some cases, facilitation or increased competition was observed. For the three fungi growing together, results were also not predicted by the individual or pair responses. Both the heat events and the small communities influenced the growth of the fungi and growth properties emerged from the interactions among isolates and the heat stress. We show that not only do environmental conditions influence fungal interactions and growth rates but also that the co-cultivation of different fungi affects the fungal response to recurring heat events. These results indicate that more complex experimental designs are needed to better understand the effects of recurring heat events and climate change on soil fungi.</p

sj-pdf-1-avt-10.1177_13596535211043044 – Supplemental Material for Low prevalence of doravirine-associated resistance mutations among polish human immunodeficiency-1 (HIV-1)–infected patients

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-avt-10.1177_13596535211043044 for Low prevalence of doravirine-associated resistance mutations among polish human immunodeficiency-1 (HIV-1)–infected patients by Kaja Scheibe, Anna Urbańska, Paweł Jakubowski, Maria Hlebowicz, Monika Bociąga-Jasik, Aleksandra Raczyńska, Aleksandra Szymczak, Bartosz Szetela, Władysław Łojewski and Miłosz Parczewski in Antiviral Therapy</p

Cumulative proportion of participants with progressive kidney disease.

<p>Cumulative proportion of participants with progressive kidney disease.</p

Baseline characteristics of study participants, stratified by the development of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD).

<p>Baseline was defined at randomization into the parent trial (SMART or ESPRIT).</p><p>Categorical variables are presented as N (%) and continuous variables presented as median (interquartile range).</p>1<p>Data on HIV RNA and Hepatitis B surface antigen were available for 3435 participants (99.8%).</p>2<p>Data on Hepatitis C antibody status were available for 3436 participants (99.8%).</p>3<p>Among 473 participants with positive Hepatitis C antibody, RNA viral load was available for 471 (99.6%) and genotype was available for 353 (74.6%).</p><p>eGFR, estimated GFR calculated using the CKD-EPI formula; BMI, body mass index.</p

Baseline characteristics associated with progressive CKD in univariate and multivariate analysis.

<p>Baseline characteristics associated with progressive CKD in univariate and multivariate analysis.</p

Association of Hepatitis C viremia with progressive kidney disease.

<p>Hepatitis C (HCV)-RNA was further stratified by quartiles to determine whether there is clinically useful threshold HCV-RNA level associated with increased risk of progressive kidney disease. The number of patients (events) included for HCV antibody negative and for increasing quartiles of HCV-RNA were 2963 (102), 108 (4), 154 (7), 102 (7), and 107 (7), respectively. Final models were adjusted for trial, age, race, infection through same sex exposure, prior AIDS diagnosis, CD4, CD4 nadir, previous exposure to antiretrovirals, previous exposure to indinavir, treatment with antihypertensives, treatment with lipid lowering therapy, estimated glomerular filtration rate, year of randomization, and Hepatitis B surface antigen status, all measured at randomization into the parent trial.</p

Markers of hepatic fibrosis as proposed mediators of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD).

<p>Data available for¹n = 827,</p>2<p>n = 1421,</p>3<p>n = 1268.</p><p>The number of participants who developed progressive kidney disease was ¹n = 42,</p>2<p>n = 73,</p>3<p>n = 63.</p><p>APRI, aspartate aminotransferase platelet ratio index.</p

Association of Hepatitis B and C viremia and Hepatitis C genotype with progressive kidney disease.

<p>Final models were adjusted for trial, age, race, infection through same sex exposure, prior AIDS diagnosis, CD4, CD4 nadir, previous exposure to antiretrovirals, previous exposure to indinavir, treatment with antihypertensives, treatment with lipid lowering therapy, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and year of randomization, all measured at randomization into the parent trial. As appropriate, analyses were also adjusted for ¹Hepatitis C (HCV) antibody status or ² Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) status. Participants with positive HBsAg were further stratified by the presence or absence of detectable HBV DNA, with a cutoff of <357 IU/ml. The number of patients (events) for HBsAg negative, positive with HBV DNA <357 IU/mL, and positive with HBV DNA ≥357 IU/ml were 3321 (113), 44 (6), and 70 (8), respectively. Participants with positive HCV antibody were further stratified into those with undetectable HCV RNA, low HCV RNA (≤800,000 IU/ml), and high HCV RNA (>800,000 IU/ml). The number of patients (events) for HCV antibody negative, positive with undetectable HCV RNA, low HCV RNA, and high HCV RNA were 2963 (102), 108 (4), 212 (9), and 151 (12), respectively. The analysis of HCV genotype was limited to participants with positive HCV antibody and known HCV genotype, stratified as genotype 1 (258 patients, 18 events) or other (95 patients, 3 events).</p