Antigen presenting cells from aged mice do not upregulate MHC class II expression in response to vaccine components <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMM) or dendritic cells (BMDC) from young adult (6–8 weeks, dark bars) and aged (18–24 months, light bars) were stimulated <i>in vitro</i> with CpG, Fluzone (FZ) or both (FZ+CpG) overnight. Up regulation of MHC class II relative to unstimulated cells (media) was measured using flow cytometry on (A) BMM (F4/80+/CD11b+) and (C) BMDC (CD11c+/CD11b^med /F4/80-). TNF-α production was measured by ELISA in supernatants from (B) BMM and (D) BMDC. Readings were taken as an average of triplicate wells. Results shown are mean values + S.D and are representative of 2 independent experiments.</p

Heme agglutination inhibition and Influenza-specific IgG titers in sera of immunized mice.

<p>Heme agglutination inhibition and Influenza-specific IgG titers in sera of immunized mice.</p

Protection in immunized young adult mice is associated with improved cellular immunity and reduced viral titers.

<p>Young adult mice (6–8 weeks) vaccinated twice, 2 weeks apart, with Fluzone (FZ x2), Fluzone+CpG (FZ+CpG) and unvaccinated controls were challenged with 1x10⁴ p.f.u of A/California/09 H1N1. Five mice per group were sacrificed at day 7 post-infection. (A) The frequency of neutrophils (CD3-/Ly6C+) and (B) CD3+/CD8+ T-cells was measured by flow cytometry in homogenates of the right lobe of the lung. Dots represent individual mice and horizontal lines represent average +/-SEM where *p<0.05. (C) Lung virus titers from pooled mice (n = 5 per group) were determined day 7 post challenge using homogenates from the left lobe of the lung. Equal volumes of lung homogenate were pooled from 5 mice in each group and the horizontal bar represents average of duplicate wells. Data shown is representative of 2 independent experiments.</p

Single Fluzone vaccination with or without adjuvants is non-protective in aged mice.

<p>Young adult (6–8 weeks) and aged (18–24 months) C57/BL6 mice (n = 5–8 mice per group) were vaccinated with Fluzone (FZ), Fluzone+CpG (FZ+CpG) or left unvaccinated as controls. Approximately 4 weeks later, all groups were challenged with 1x10⁴ p.f.u of A/California/09 H1N1 virus. Weight loss (A) and (C) and survival (B) and (D) were monitored daily in young adult and aged mice respectively. Individual data points represent average weight loss within the group of surviving mice +/-SEM.</p

Additional file 1: of Evaluation of an accelerated hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to inactivate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in swine feces on aluminum surfaces under freezing conditions

Results of PEDV N-gene RT-qPCR tests on environmental samples from coupons and rectal swabs from pigs used for bioassay. Results from all diagnostic tests conducted for the study are reported for each replicate, one row for each replicate. Test results, Ct value and genomic copies are reported for PCR tests on pre and post treatment environmental samples from coupons. Test result and Ct values are reported for PCR tests on rectal swabs from pigs 3 and 7 days post inoculation for the bioassay. (XLSX 12 kb

Descriptive characteristics of the final review studies.

<p>Descriptive characteristics of the final review studies.</p

The adjusted^* association between the self-reported outcome variables and non-odor related explanatory variables in communities near AFOs.

<p>*</p><p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0009530#pone.0009530-Hoopmann1" target="_blank">[42]</a> Adjusted for gender, oldest sibling, experienced street noise (clearly vs. very little), actual smoking (yes vs. no), education level, breastfed at least 4 months (yes vs. no), mold (yes vs. no), contact with cats at a young age (yes vs. no), rug/Carpeted floor (yes vs. no), parental atopy.</p><p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0009530#pone.0009530-Mirabelli2" target="_blank">[68]</a> Adjusted for individual-level characteristics (gender, age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, economic status, smoking status, exposure to second-hand smoke at home, and use of a gas stove more than once per month) and school-level characteristics (rural locale, indoor air quality, and reports of other non-livestock industries nearby).</p><p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0009530#pone.0009530-Radon3" target="_blank">[62]</a> Adjusted for age (5 categories), sex, active and passive smoke exposure, level of education, number of siblings, parental allergies.</p><p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0009530#pone.0009530-Avery1" target="_blank">[69]</a> Adjusted for fixed effects for odor, time of day, and day, and random effects for cluster, person within cluster, odor, and time of day.</p><p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0009530#pone.0009530-Schiffman3" target="_blank">[65]</a> Two-way analysis of variance.</p

Overview of the characteristics for the pork farms visited in this study.

*<p>NA  =  Not available.</p

Antimicrobial resistance of MRSA isolates from pork farms and students by ST398 status.

<p>t034 considered ST398-associated and t002/t548 considered non-ST398-associated. Number of isolates tested in parenthesis. Significantly different antimicrobial results by <i>spa</i> types indicated with asterisk (*).</p

Combined results of environmental, pig, and veterinary student testing from MRSA-positive pork production sites.

a<p>Number of MRSA-positive samples/number of samples collected. ^bNumber of MRSA-positive students/number of students exposed. ^c<i>Spa</i> type t126 was isolated from a student 5 days following exposure to MRSA-positive site. ^dThree <i>spa</i> types (t002, t548, t1107) from same student.</p