10 research outputs found

    Single-channel recordings with HlyA<sub>Ξ”158–167</sub> and HlyA<sub>Ξ”180–203</sub>.

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    <p>Single-channel recordings of asolectin membranes were performed in the presence of 100 ng/ml HlyA<sub>Ξ”158–167</sub> (upper trace) and 150 ng/ml HlyA<sub>Ξ”180–203</sub> (lower trace). The aqueous phase contained 150 mM KCl (pH 6). The applied membrane potential was 20 mV; Tβ€Š=β€Š20Β°C. The transient conductance steps in the upper trace (HlyA<sub>Ξ”158–167</sub>) had a conductance of about 600 to 700 pS. The mutant HlyA<sub>Ξ”180–203</sub> produced under the given conditions only current noise (fuzzy channels) and no defined conductance states.</p

    Average single-channel conductance, <i>G</i>, of HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub> and HlyA<sub>Ξ”264–286</sub> in different salt solutions.<sup>a.</sup>

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    a<p>The membranes were formed from 1% (mass/volume) asolectin dissolved in n-decane. The aqueous solutions were unbuffered and had a pH of 6. The applied voltage was 20 mV, and the temperature was 20Β°C. The average single-channel conductance, <i>G</i> (i.e. current divided by voltage), was calculated from at least 80 single events. The standard deviation of the single-channel conductance was generally below Β±15%. <i>c</i> is the concentration of the aqueous salt solutions. The single-channel conductance of wildtype HlyA of <i>E. coli</i> is given for comparison <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112248#pone.0112248-Benz3" target="_blank">[28]</a>. The values denoted with an asterix were measured during this study with purified HlyA. n.m. means not measured.</p><p>Average single-channel conductance, <i>G</i>, of HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub> and HlyA<sub>Ξ”264–286</sub> in different salt solutions.<sup>a.</sup></p

    Single-channel recordings with <i>E. coli</i> HlyA, HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub>, and HlyA<sub>Ξ”264–286</sub>.

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    <p>Single-channel recordings of asolectin membranes were performed in the presence of 50 ng/ml HlyA (left side, upper trace), 50 ng/ml HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub> (left side, lower trace), and 50 ng/ml HlyA<sub>Ξ”264–286</sub> (right side). The aqueous phase contained 150 mM KCl (pH 6). The applied membrane potential was 20 mV; Tβ€Š=β€Š20Β°C. The average single-channel conductance was 520 pS for HlyA, 150 pS for HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub>, and 320 pS for HlyA<sub>Ξ”264–286</sub>.</p

    Single-channel recordings with HlyA<sub>Ξ”158–167</sub> and HlyA<sub>Ξ”180–203</sub>.

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    <p>Single-channel recordings of asolectin membranes were performed in the presence of 100 ng/ml HlyA<sub>Ξ”158–167</sub> (upper trace) and 150 ng/ml HlyA<sub>Ξ”180–203</sub> (lower trace). The aqueous phase contained 150 mM KCl (pH 6). The applied membrane potential was 20 mV; Tβ€Š=β€Š20Β°C. The transient conductance steps in the upper trace (HlyA<sub>Ξ”158–167</sub>) had a conductance of about 600 to 700 pS. The mutant HlyA<sub>Ξ”180–203</sub> produced under the given conditions only current noise (fuzzy channels) and no defined conductance states.</p

    Primers used for site-directed mutagenesis to study the effect of deletions of different stretches of amino acids of HlyA on hemolytic activity and properties of the HlyA channels.

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    a<p>The 5β€²- and 3β€²-terminal halves of the primers represent the nucleotide sequences of <i>hlyA</i> flanking the desired deletions on both sides. The deletion site is indicated by a vertical bar (|).</p><p>Primers used for site-directed mutagenesis to study the effect of deletions of different stretches of amino acids of HlyA on hemolytic activity and properties of the HlyA channels.</p

    Extracellular secretion and hemolytic activity of <i>E. coli</i> HlyA and of HlyA mutants.

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    <p>(A) SDS-PAGE of extracellular proteins from <i>E. coli</i> 5K containing different plasmids. Lane 1, molecular mass markers given in kDa; lane 2, <i>E. coli</i> 5K/pACYC184 (vector control); lane 3, <i>E. coli</i> 5K/pANN202–312* overproducing HlyA; lane 4, isogenic strain overproducing HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub>; lane 5, isogenic strain overproducing HlyA<sub>Ξ”158–167</sub>; lane 6, isogenic strain overproducing HlyA<sub>Ξ”180–203</sub>; lane 7, isogenic strain overproducing HlyA<sub>Ξ”264–286</sub>. The proteins in cell-free culture supernatants (harvested in the late log phase) were precipitated by addition of ice-cold trichloroacetic acid (final concentration, 10%), pelleted by centrifugation at 12,000Γ—g, washed with acetone, dried under vacuum, and dissolved in sample buffer <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112248#pone.0112248-Ludwig2" target="_blank">[11]</a>. Proteins from 100 Β΅l culture supernatant were separated on the gel and visualized by silver staining. (B) Hemolytic phenotype of <i>E. coli</i> 5K/pANN202–312* overproducing HlyA and of isogenic strains overproducing the HlyA mutants with the indicated deletions. Bacteria from individual colonies were picked onto a sheep blood/Cm agar plate that was subsequently incubated for 24 hours at 37Β°C.</p

    Calculation of the channel diameters of HlyA and HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub> from the single-channel conductance.

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    <p>The single-channel conductance data of HlyA and HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub> were fitted by using the Renkin correction factor multiplied by the aqueous diffusion coefficients of the different cations. The single-channel conductance for the different cations taken from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112248#pone-0112248-t002" target="_blank">Table<u> 2</u></a> was normalized to that observed for Rb<sup>+</sup> (hydrated ion radius β€Š=β€Š0.105 nm), which was set to 1.0, and plotted versus the hydrated ion radii taken from Table 3 of Maier <i>et al.</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112248#pone.0112248-Maier1" target="_blank">[60]</a>. The points correspond to the single-channel conductance observed with Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, N(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, N(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, and Tris<sup>+</sup>, which were all used for the pore diameter estimation (see Discussion). (A) The fit (solid lines) is shown for wildtype HlyA channels with <i>r</i>β€Š=β€Š1.6 nm (upper line) and <i>r</i>β€Š=β€Š1.0 nm (lower line). The best fit was achieved with <i>r</i>β€Š=β€Š1.3 nm (diameterβ€Š=β€Š2.6 nm), which corresponds to the broken line. (B) The fit (solid lines) is shown for the HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub> channels with <i>r</i>β€Š=β€Š1.1 nm (upper line) and <i>r</i>β€Š=β€Š0.7 nm (lower line). The best fit of all data was achieved with <i>r</i>β€Š=β€Š0.9 nm (diameterβ€Š=β€Š1.8 nm), which corresponds to the broken line.</p

    Results of osmotic protection experiments with HlyA, HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub>, and HlyA<sub>Ξ”264–286</sub>.

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    <p>Sheep erythrocytes were incubated with the toxins at 37Β°C for 60 min in saline solution (control) or in saline solution supplemented with 30 mM of PEGs of different molecular masses (PEG 400, 600, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000, with diameters of 1.07, 1.32, 1.72, 2.47, 3.05, and 3.54 nm, respectively). The concentration of HlyA was 0.5 Β΅g/ml and that of HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub> and HlyA<sub>Ξ”264–286</sub> 2.5 Β΅g/ml. The degree of hemolysis is shown as a function of the molecular mass of the PEGs.</p

    Results of osmotic protection experiments with aerolysin of <i>A. sobria</i>.

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    <p>Sheep erythrocytes in saline solution (control) or in saline solution supplemented with 30 mM of different carbohydrates (arabinose, cellobiose, and melezitose, with diameters of 0.62, 0.92, and 1.14 nm, respectively) were incubated with the toxin at 37Β°C for 30 min (A) and 90 min (B). Erythrocyte lysis was determined as a function of increasing aerolysin concentrations.</p

    Effect of charges in wildtype and mutant HlyA on the single-channel conductance.

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    <p>The single-channel conductance of the HlyA, HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub>, and HlyA<sub>Ξ”264–286</sub> channels is shown as a function of the KCl concentration in the aqueous phase. The solid lines represent the fit of the single-channel conductance data with eqn. <i>G(c)β€Š=β€ŠG<sub>0</sub>β‹…c<sub>0</sub><sup>+</sup></i> (a combination of eqs. (3–5 and 7) assuming the presence of negative point charges within the channel (for HlyA: 2.3 negative charges, <i>qβ€Š=β€Š</i>βˆ’3.68Γ—10<sup>–19</sup> As; for HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub>∢1.7 negative charges, <i>q</i>β€Š=β€Š-2.72Γ—10<sup>–19</sup> As; for HlyA<sub>Ξ”264–286</sub>∢2 negative charges, <i>qβ€Š=β€Š</i>-3.2Γ—10<sup>–19</sup> As) and assuming a channel diameter of 2 nm, 1.4 nm, and 1.6 nm for HlyA, HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub>, and HlyA<sub>Ξ”264–286</sub>, respectively. <i>c</i>, concentration of the KCl solution in M (molar); <i>G</i>, average single-channel conductance in nS (nano Siemens, 10<sup>–9</sup> S); <i>G<sub>0</sub></i>, specific single-channel conductance in the absence of negative point charges given in pS/M. The broken, dotted, and fractured (straight) lines show the single-channel conductance of the HlyA, HlyA<sub>Ξ”264–286</sub>, and HlyA<sub>Ξ”71–110</sub> channels in the absence of point charges and correspond to linear functions between channel conductance and bulk aqueous concentration (eqn. (7); <i>G(c)β€Š=β€ŠG<sub>0</sub>β‹…c</i>).</p
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