An Advanced Machine Learning Based Energy Management of Renewable Microgrids Considering Hybrid Electric Vehicles’ Charging Demand

Renewable microgrids are new solutions for enhanced security, improved reliability and boosted power quality and operation in power systems. By deploying different sources of renewables such as solar panels and wind units, renewable microgrids can enhance reducing the greenhouse gasses and improve the efficiency. This paper proposes a machine learning based approach for energy management in renewable microgrids considering a reconfigurable structure based on remote switching of tie and sectionalizing. The suggested method considers the advanced support vector machine for modeling and estimating the charging demand of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). In order to mitigate the charging effects of HEVs on the system, two different scenarios are deployed; one coordinated and the other one intelligent charging. Due to the complex structure of the problem formulation, a new modified optimization method based on dragonfly is suggested. Moreover, a self-adaptive modification is suggested, which helps the solutions pick the modification method that best fits their situation. Simulation results on an IEEE microgrid test system show its appropriate and efficient quality in both scenarios. According to the prediction results for the total charging demand of the HEVs, the mean absolute percentage error is 0.978, which is very low. Moreover, the results show a 2.5% reduction in the total operation cost of the microgrid in the intelligent charging compared to the coordinated scheme

5,6-Dimethyl-4-(thio­phen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo­[3,4-b]pyridin-3-amine

In the title mol­ecule, C12H12N4S, the thio­phene ring is disordered over two orientations with a refined site-occupancy ratio of 0.777 (4):0.223 (4). The pyrazolo­pyridine ring system is essentially planar with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0069 (3) Å and makes dihedral angles of 82.8 (2) and 72.6 (5)°, respectively, with the major and minor components of the thio­phene ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into a chain along the a axis by a pair of N—H⋯N(pyrazole) hydrogen bonds and a pair of N—H⋯N(pyridine) hydrogen bonds, both having a centrosymmetric R 2 2(8) graph-set motif. A C—H⋯π inter­action is also present

3-(1H-Imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenyl­propan-1-ol

In the title compound, C12H14N2O, the imidazole ring forms a dihedral angle of 66.73 (5)° with the phenyl ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via O—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into sheets lying parallel to (100). The crystal structure is further consolidated by C—H⋯π inter­actions

2-(1H-1,3-Benzodiazol-2-ylsulfan­yl)-1-(4-chloro­phen­yl)ethanone

The mol­ecule in the structure of the title compound, C15H11ClN2OS, displays two planar residues [r.m.s. deviation = 0.014 Å for the benzimidazole residue, and the ketone group is co-planar with the benzene ring to which it is attached forming a O—C—C—C torsion angle of −173.18 (14) °] linked at the S atom. The overall shape is based on a twisted V, the dihedral angle formed between the two planes being 82.4 (2) °. The amine-H atom is bifurcated, forming N—H⋯O and N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds leading to dimeric aggregates. These are linked into a supra­molecular chain along the c axis via C—H⋯π hydrogen bonds. Chains form layers in the ab plane being connected along the c axis via weak π–π inter­actions [3.9578 (8) Å] formed between centrosymmetrically related chloro-substituted benzene rings

(Z)-Ethyl 2-(2,4-dimethyl­benzyl­idene)-7-methyl-3-oxo-5-phenyl-3,5-dihydro-2H-thia­zolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C25H24N2O3S, the dihedral angles between the thia­zole ring and the phenyl and substituted benzene rings are 84.91 (11) and 11.58 (10)°, respectively. The dihydro­pyrimidine ring adopts a flattened boat conformation. The olefinic double bond is in a Z configuration

Ethyl 1-(4-methyl­phen­yl)-5-phenyl-4-phenyl­sulfon­yl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C25H22N2O4S, features a tetra-substituted pyrazole ring. The dihedral angles formed between the five-membered ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.007 Å) and the N- and C-bound phenyl rings are 48.10 (7) and 72.01 (7) °, respectively, indicating that the planes through the residues are significantly twisted from the plane through the heterocycle. The ester-CO2 group is also twisted out of this plane, with an O—C—C—N torsion angle of −29.04 (11)°. The sulfonyl-O atoms lie to one side of the pyrazole plane and the sulfonyl­phenyl ring to the other. The dihedral angle between the two ring planes is 70.63 (7) °. Supra­molecular arrays are formed in the crystal structure sustained by C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π(pyrazole) inter­actions and methyl-C—H⋯π(N-bound benzene) contacts

Ethyl (Z)-2-(2-fluoro­benzyl­idene)-7-methyl-3-oxo-5-phenyl-3,5-dihydro-2H-thia­zolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C23H19FN2O3S, a fused-pyrimidine derivative, displays dihedral angles between the thia­zole ring and the benzene ring and substituted benzene ring of 7.10 (14) and 3.48 (12)°, respectively. The dihydro­pyrimidine ring adopts a flattened boat conformation. The olefinic double bond is in a Z configuration

1-(4-Methyl­phen­yl)-2-(phenyl­sulfon­yl)ethanone

In the title compound, C15H14O3S, the benzene and phenyl rings make a dihedral angle of 33.56 (16)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a layer parallel to the ab plane

(Z)-2-(4-Chloro­benzyl­idene)benzo[d]thia­zolo[3,2-a]imidazol-3(2H)-one

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C16H9ClN2OS, is approximately planar, the dihedral angle between the thia­zolo[3,2-a]benzimidazole ring system and the 4-chloro­phenyl ring being 2.10 (5)°. An intra­molecular C—H⋯S inter­action generates an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, mol­ecules are stacked into columns along the b axis by π–π inter­actions with centroid–centroid distances of 3.6495 (7)–3.9546 (8) Å

Multistage Fragmentation of Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry System and Pseudo-MS 3

A new approach was recently introduced to improve the structure elucidation power of tandem mass spectrometry simulating the MS3 of ion trap mass spectrometry system overcoming the different drawbacks of the latter. The fact that collision induced dissociation in the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer system provides richer fragment ions compared to those achieved in the ion trap mass spectrometer system utilizing resonance excitation. Moreover, extracting comprehensive spectra in the ion trap needs multistage fragmentation, whereas similar fragment ions may be acquired from one stage product ion scan using the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The new strategy was proven to enhance the qualitative performance of tandem mass spectrometry for structural elucidation of different chemical entities. In the current study we are endeavoring to prove our hypothesis of the efficiency of the new pseudo-MS3 technique via its comparison with the MS3 mode of ion trap mass spectrometry system. Ten pharmacologically and synthetically important (E)-3-(dimethylamino)-1-arylprop-2-en-1-ones (enaminones 4a–j) were chosen as model compounds for this study. This strategy permitted rigorous identification of all fragment ions using triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with sufficient specificity. It can be used to elucidate structures of different unknown components. The data presented in this paper provide clear evidence that our new pseudo-MS3 may simulate the MS3 of ion trap spectrometry system