The Relationship Between Customer Equity & Its Drivers, Purchase Intentions and Switching Cost. A Study on Traveling Industry in Pakistan

The key purpose of current research is to investigate the relationship between customer equity, purchase intentions by moderation effect of switching cost. Furthermore this research investigated the relationship between Value Equity, Brand Equity and Relationship Equity toward the customer equity and customers purchase intentions. The data were collected from air passenger at international airport Multan via self administrative questionnaire. The Reliability, KMO, Correlation and Regression analysis used to measure the data. The results indicate that, there is significant relationship between customer equity and purchase intentions, and impact of Value, Brand and Relationship Equity on customer equity and purchase intentions found positive relationship. While Switching Cost also affect the relationship between customer equity and purchase intentions. The present research focuses on services industry there is need to test the model in manufacturing industries for more appropriate results. A study on Traveling Industry in Pakistan relationship between Customer Equity & its drivers, purchase Intentions and Switching Cost has been not conducted before. In Pakistan traveling industry facing switching cost barrier and current research conducted to fills this gap. Keywords: Customer equity, Value equity, Brand equity, Relationship equity, Purchase intentions Switching cost. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/11-4-0

Laryngotracheal trauma: its management and sequelae

OBJECTIVE: Laryngotracheal trauma is a rare but clinically important injury. Complications are frequent. Early recognition, accurate evaluation and proper treatment is vital. In order to learn from our past experience and refine our management, we reviewed our cases. METHODS: Fifteen patients with external laryngotracheal injuries were analyzed retrospectively. The outcome was assessed both in terms of voice and airway, on short term and long term basis. RESULTS: Commonest cause of injury was cut throat injuries followed by road traffic accidents. The main presenting symptoms and signs were hoarseness, haemoptysis, odynophagia and stridor. Major laryngeal injuries (10 cases) outnumbered minor injuries (5 cases). A good association exists between the symptoms of haemoptysis and stridor at presentation and severity of the injury. Sites of laryngeal injury included; thyroid cartilage, mixed soft tissue and cartilaginous injuries, thyrohyoid membrane, aryepiglottic fold and cricothyroid membrane. Ten patients presented within 24 hours of the injury. Out come (airway and voice) was good in 12 patients whereas it was poor in 3 patients. Poor results were seen in patients who had delayed surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: The presence of stridor and haemoptysis are suggestive of major injury. Early surgical intervention is recommended for all major injuries to ensure a good outcome

Impact of External Governance Mechanisms on Firms’ Efficiency: Evidence from Non-Financial Firms Listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange

The review is intended to examine the effect of outside administration components on firms' proficiency in Pakistan. The review covers the period from 2009 to 2020. The review factors are voice and responsibility, government viability, administrative quality, law and order, control of debasement and productivity. STATA has been utilised to examine the connection between factors. The relationship among the factors has been tried, and resource turnover is used as a productivity measure. The aftereffects of the review show a positive and massive connection between voice res, responsibility and productivity. At the same time, government viability, administrative quality and control of defilement are adversely connected with proficiency. Law and order aren't measurably massive in terms of firms' productivity. To the best of the maker's data, this is the essential pack in Pakistan, which ponders the impact of outside organisations on firms' efficiency

Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronate lyase contains two non-cooperative independent folding/unfolding structural domains

Hyaluronate lyase contributes directly to bacterial invasion by degrading hyaluronan, the major component of host extracellular matrix of connective tissues. Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronate lyase (SpnHL) is built from two structural domains that interact through interface residues, in addition to being connected by a peptide linker. For the first time we demonstrate that the N- and C-terminal domains of SpnHL fold/unfold independent of each other suggesting the absence of any significant cooperative interactions between them. The C-terminal domain of SpnHL is less stable than the N-terminal domain against thermal and guanidine hydrochloride denaturation. The intact n-terminal domain was purified after limited proteolysis of SpnHL under conditions where only the C-terminal domain was unfolded. Isolated N-terminal domain of SpnHL had similar thermal stability as when present in the native enzyme and was found to be enzymatically active demonstrating that it is capable of carrying out enzymatic reaction on its own. Functional studies demonstrated that guanidine hydrochloride, guanidine isothiocyanate, l-arginine methyl ester, and l-arginine inhibit the enzymatic activity of SpnHL at very low concentrations. This provides a lead for new chemical entities that can be exploited for designing effective inhibitors of SpnHL

Historical Study of the Socio-Religious Condition of Irani Civilization under Zoroasteranianism and the Impact of Islam

In the Middle East, the current Islamic Republic of Iran, bordering the Persian Gulf, is one of the few important countries whose people are considered to be the custodians of an ancient cultural and political heritage. Historically, Iran is one of the oldest countries in the world. Historically and culturally, the Iranian civilization is also considered a contemporary of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization. Apart from the social and cultural background, the Iranian Empire also has a prominent position in the region politically. The idea of ​​its beginning is that it was formed by Caesar the Great and its rise came in the time of Darius-I. When, the battle of Qadisiya in 16 AH decided the fate of Iran. The conquest of Medina was a declaration of the end of Yazd-e-Jard's rule. Politically, Iran was considered more developed than contemporary states. This dissertation describes the ancient Iranian political culture that culminated in the defeat of the Sasanids dynasty at the hands of the Muslims.&nbsp