DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROLLER AND OBSERVER FOR CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR VIA STATE SPACE APPROACH

iii ABSTRACT This paper describes the designing, simulation and analysis of controller and observer for a continuous stirred tank reactor via state space approach. Many industries uses the conventional control system approach, as opposed to the modern control approach commonly used in aerospace industries. Conventional controls possess several drawbacks, for example PID controllers are not adaptive and not robust. Thus, qualities such as robustness, optimality and adaptivity could have been overlooked. This project is looking at modern control approach for plant control which is expected to be better in terms of the system’s controllability and stability. The entire project involves understanding the process control and state space, grasping the concept of system identification as well as mastering the function of MATLAB and Simulink for controller and observer design and simulation. Extensive utilization of MATLAB and Simulink were involved in several experiments and simulations. Results from the project indicate the practicality of modern control in plant process control system. This project successfully achieved the theoretical implementation of modern control engineering in plant process control systems, paving way for a possible design of a new controller and observer strategy that are robust, optimal and adaptive via modern control approach

DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROLLER AND OBSERVER FOR CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR VIA STATE SPACE APPROACH

iii ABSTRACT This paper describes the designing, simulation and analysis of controller and observer for a continuous stirred tank reactor via state space approach. Many industries uses the conventional control system approach, as opposed to the modern control approach commonly used in aerospace industries. Conventional controls possess several drawbacks, for example PID controllers are not adaptive and not robust. Thus, qualities such as robustness, optimality and adaptivity could have been overlooked. This project is looking at modern control approach for plant control which is expected to be better in terms of the system’s controllability and stability. The entire project involves understanding the process control and state space, grasping the concept of system identification as well as mastering the function of MATLAB and Simulink for controller and observer design and simulation. Extensive utilization of MATLAB and Simulink were involved in several experiments and simulations. Results from the project indicate the practicality of modern control in plant process control system. This project successfully achieved the theoretical implementation of modern control engineering in plant process control systems, paving way for a possible design of a new controller and observer strategy that are robust, optimal and adaptive via modern control approach

Implementation of Just in Time Production through Kanban System

Uncertainties brought about by fluctuations in demand and customers’ requirements have led many established companies to improve their manufacturing process by adopting the Kanban system. By doing so, they are able to manufacture and supply the right product, in the right quantity, at the right place and time. Implementation of the Kanban system resulted in reduction of inventory to minimum levels besides increasing flexibility of manufacturing. Successful implementation of the Kanban system furthermore reduces operational costs, consequently increases market competitiveness. The Kanban system is basically an inventory stock control system that triggers production signals for product based on actual customers’ requirements and demand. The system is controlled by the Kanban card which dictates the optimum production parameters. It is used to authorize production of any product to replenish those already consumed by the customer or subsequent process. This study covers pre-requisite activities in establishing a Kanban system, starting from designing Kanban flow, gathering manufacturing data, calculating optimum Kanbans in the systems, establishing pull mechanism and rule and finally evaluating Kanban performance using lean parameter. This paper studied the implementation of the Kanban system at a local auto-component company in Malaysia. The scope of implementation was focused at BLM Cylinder Head Cover assembly process. This paper concludes that implementation of the Kanban system reduced lead time, minimized inventory on floor and optimized storage area. The objective of this study is to show that Kanban system improves a manufacturing system as well as achieving Just In Time practice. Keywords: Just In Time, Kanban system, Manufacturing lead time reductio

The Political Factors that affect Contemporary Art in the Arab world, Descriptive Analytical Study

This paper examining the determine the political factors that affect contemporary art in the Arab world. through what the Arabic artworks (study sample) contained ideas, there were internal and external political factors that affect contemporary Arabic art. the researcher will extract these factors by evaluating the findings made in respect to the political factors (internal and external) that influence the selected artworks (sample study). This step also includes the drawn conclusions with respect to the political factors (internal and external) that cause these political situations in the Arab world. The study sample contained seven Arabic contemporary installation artworks from 2010-2015 to determine the political factors that affect contemporary art in the Arab world. The findings were list combines the external and internal political factors that influence contemporary Arabic art in general because these factors include all the political factors and its comprehensive and appeared in contemporary Arabic artworks

Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Health system planning requires careful assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemiology, but data for morbidity and mortality of this disease are scarce or non-existent in many countries. We estimated the global, regional, and national burden of CKD, as well as the burden of cardiovascular disease and gout attributable to impaired kidney function, for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. We use the term CKD to refer to the morbidity and mortality that can be directly attributed to all stages of CKD, and we use the term impaired kidney function to refer to the additional risk of CKD from cardiovascular disease and gout. Methods The main data sources we used were published literature, vital registration systems, end-stage kidney disease registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool, and included incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A comparative risk assessment approach was used to estimate the proportion of cardiovascular diseases and gout burden attributable to impaired kidney function. Findings Globally, in 2017, 1·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·2 to 1·3) people died from CKD. The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41·5% (95% UI 35·2 to 46·5) between 1990 and 2017, although there was no significant change in the age-standardised mortality rate (2·8%, −1·5 to 6·3). In 2017, 697·5 million (95% UI 649·2 to 752·0) cases of all-stage CKD were recorded, for a global prevalence of 9·1% (8·5 to 9·8). The global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29·3% (95% UI 26·4 to 32·6) since 1990, whereas the age-standardised prevalence remained stable (1·2%, −1·1 to 3·5). CKD resulted in 35·8 million (95% UI 33·7 to 38·0) DALYs in 2017, with diabetic nephropathy accounting for almost a third of DALYs. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In several regions, particularly Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, the burden of CKD was much higher than expected for the level of development, whereas the disease burden in western, eastern, and central sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia, south Asia, central and eastern Europe, Australasia, and western Europe was lower than expected. 1·4 million (95% UI 1·2 to 1·6) cardiovascular disease-related deaths and 25·3 million (22·2 to 28·9) cardiovascular disease DALYs were attributable to impaired kidney function. Interpretation Kidney disease has a major effect on global health, both as a direct cause of global morbidity and mortality and as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. CKD is largely preventable and treatable and deserves greater attention in global health policy decision making, particularly in locations with low and middle SDI

Blockchain-Based Authentication and Trust Management Mechanism for Smart Cities

Security has always been the main concern for the internet of things (IoT)-based systems. Blockchain, with its decentralized and distributed design, prevents the risks of the existing centralized methodologies. Conventional security and privacy architectures are inapplicable in the spectrum of IoT due to its resource constraints. To overcome this problem, this paper presents a Blockchain-based security mechanism that enables secure authorized access to smart city resources. The presented mechanism comprises the ACE (Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments) framework-based authorization Blockchain and the OSCAR (Object Security Architecture for the Internet of Things) object security model. The Blockchain lays out a flexible and trustless authorization mechanism, while OSCAR makes use of a public ledger to structure multicast groups for authorized clients. Moreover, a meteor-based application is developed to provide a user-friendly interface for heterogeneous technologies belonging to the smart city. The users would be able to interact with and control their smart city resources such as traffic lights, smart electric meters, surveillance cameras, etc., through this application. To evaluate the performance and feasibility of the proposed mechanism, the authorization Blockchain is implemented on top of the Ethereum network. The authentication mechanism is developed in the node.js server and a smart city is simulated with the help of Raspberry Pi B+. Furthermore, mocha and chai frameworks are used to assess the performance of the system. Experimental results reveal that the authentication response time is less than 100 ms even if the average hand-shaking time increases with the number of clients

Developing an Ordered Logistics Regression Model for Denture Hygiene among Elderly in Residential Care Homes

With a global aging population, the oral hygiene of elderly individuals in institutional settings requires unique management. Maintaining adequate denture hygiene is a critical aspect of their overall well-being, while neglecting denture hygiene can lead to various oral health issues, malnutrition, and further impacting their overall health. Objective: This paper aims to provide a preliminary overview of denture hygiene care among the elderly using an ordered logistics model. Methods: Data was obtained from 174 participants in two government institutional homes in Malaysia. The Principle Components Analysis (PCA) was used to identify significant variables and an ordered logistic model showed the relationships between these variables and denture hygiene. Results: PCA identified three significant variables: calf circumference, age, and appetite. The ordered logistic model shows that lower calf circumference, lower age groups and severe loss of appetite, all were associated with significantly poorer denture hygiene. The model’s fitting and goodness-of-fit was also assesed and found to be satisfactory. Conclusion: Poor denture hygiene is prevelant among institutionalized elderly. Addressing these issues is crucial for caregivers and healthcare providers to enhance the well-being of the aging population. This research provides a foundation for future interventions to improve denture hygiene and, by extension, overall health and quality of life for institutionalized elderly individuals

AI-Powered UAV-Patrolling Drone For Real-Time Unauthorized Person Detection

In the modern era, the integrity and safety of secure environments have become critically important. To address these challenges, an AI-powered UAV-patrolling drone system for real-time unauthorized person detection has been proposed. This drone executes predetermined flight paths, strategically covering surveillance gaps left by static CCTV cameras or human guards. The system integrates multiple state-of-the-art technologies, incorporating advanced facial recognition using Dlib-HOG, CNN, VGG-Face, Google FaceNet, and OpenFace, along with comprehensive facial analysis, providing real-time analysis of race, age, gender, and facial expressions. This technology is especially valuable for securing large venues, critical infrastructure, and high-profile events where unauthorized access poses significant risks. The system's hybrid architecture allows for optimal performance across different lighting conditions, angles, and crowd densities, setting a new standard for intelligent surveillance systems