Dense Rib Lateral Reinforcement for Confining Concrete

AbstractThis study introduces a new reinforcing method laterally to confine concrete with dense reinforcement. The dense reinforcing technique can provide more confinement for concrete and increase the performance of concrete such as ductility and peak strength. However, the application of the dense reinforcement is not practical with conventional reinforcing method since the movement of gravels would be interrupted. Thus, this study places the lateral reinforcement just underneath of concrete not to prevent the gravel flowing. In the case, the reinforcement would be exposed to the problem of corrosion. To solve the problem, this study adapts stainless steel and FRP(Fiber Reinforced Polymer) that are not corrodible. Two types of concrete cylinders (300mm×150mm; L×D) reinforced laterally by stainless steel and FRP rings are prepared with two different volumetric ratios, and axial compressive tests are conducted to assess their performance. The dense reinforcing method with rings is successful to increase the peak strength of concrete. The effectiveness to increase peak strength is assessed according to materials and volumetric ratios. The failure mode of the dense reinforced concrete by rings laterally is different from that jacketed by steel or FRP sheet wholly. The failure is gradually processed with the fracture of each ring

Snapshot of mapping results of wild rice Ion Torrent (A) and Illumina (B) reads.

<p>Reads were mapped to the chloroplast reference of <i>Oryza sativa</i> cv. Nipponbare. In the mapping of Ion Torrent reads there was a long insertion (TCCTATTTAATA) reported in the consensus sequence of wild rice chloroplast ((A), marked with orange background colour). This insertion was missed in the mapping of Illumina reads, although it was present in the reads ((B), example of the read sequence marked in black rectangle). The nucleotides in the insertion were duplicated in wild rice (sequence marked in red rectangle), and not in the reference genome where only one copy of these nucleotides was present (marked in green rectangle). The duplicated region was a probable cause of the misalignment of reads. Oryza sativa – fragment of chloroplast sequence of <i>Oryza sativa</i> spp. <i>japonica</i> var. Nipponbare; Consensus – consensus sequence of wild rice chloroplast sequence derived by mapping reads from Illumina (A) and Ion Torrent (B) platforms to the reference. Nucleotides with background colours represent the mismatches between reads and the reference sequence; paired end reads are shown in blue; single reads are shown in green and red (in forward and reverse orientation, respectively).</p

Inconsistent variations found in wild rice chloroplast mapping-consensus sequences and their validation.

<p>Variations derived by Illumina and Ion Torrent sequencing.</p><p>SNP – single-nucleotide variant, MNV – multi-nucleotide variant, ins – insertion, del – deletion.</p><p>Inconsistent variations found in wild rice chloroplast mapping-consensus sequences and their validation.</p

Comparison of chloroplast consensus sequences of the cultivated reference rice genotype (<i>Oryza sativa</i> Nipponbare).

<p>Comparison of chloroplast consensus sequences of the cultivated reference rice genotype (<i>Oryza sativa</i> Nipponbare).</p

Variants in indels in cultivated (cv. Nipponbare) rice chloroplast consensus.

<p>Sequences generated by mapping and assembly of Ion Torrent reads to the available chloroplast sequence in GenBank for this genotype. The number of variants is shown with respect to its type (deletion or insertion) and position (the length of homopolymer region where the variants were found).</p

Comparison of chloroplast consensus sequences of the wild rice (<i>Oryza rufipogon</i>-like).

<p>Comparison of chloroplast consensus sequences of the wild rice (<i>Oryza rufipogon</i>-like).</p

Alignment of regions #3 and #4 from Table 3 showing discrepancies in consensus sequences.

<p>The fragment circled in red shows false called SNPs (#3 and #4, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0110387#pone-0110387-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>, Illumina consensus); these SNPs were incorrect because of the long insertion present in wild rice sequence but not in the reference. The fragments circled in green illustrate this long insertion found in wild rice chloroplast genome by means of reads assembly from both platforms and both assembly tools. Final sequence was created based on this information. Oryza sativa (reference) – region 66860.66940 from chloroplast sequence of <i>Oryza sativa</i> spp. <i>japonica</i> var. Nipponbare; Illumina reads mapping and Ion Torrent reads mapping – regions from consensus sequence generated by mapping wild rice Illumina and Ion Torrent reads, respectively, to the reference sequence; Illumina reads assembly and Ion Torrent reads assembly – regions from contigs generated by assembly of reads from Illumina and Ion Torrent platforms, respectively; CLC – assembly performed in CLC Genomic Workbench; Suite – assembly performed in Torrent Suite Software; Final consensus – final wild rice chloroplast genome sequence (GenBank accession – KF428978).</p

Expression of the <i>Pina</i> and <i>Pinb</i> genes in developing seeds of several wheat genotypes.

<p>a,b gene expression data at 14 and 30 days post anthesis (dpa), respectively; RPKM, reads per kilo base per million mapped reads. Details in brackets after genotype names on the X-axis indicates grain hardness index and endosperm texture of genotypes classified as hard (H) or soft (S) wheats. Genotypes with HI above 50 were classified as Hard. Wheat genotypes in each group are arranged left to right with respect to increasing hardness index. Boxes on the top indicate <i>Pin</i> alleles present in the genotypes. cDNA prepared from RNA extracted from developing wheat seeds at 14 DPA, was subjected to next generation sequencing. RNA-seq analysis was undertaken using CLC Genomic Workbench V8 to determine gene expression of <i>Pina</i> and <i>Pinb</i>. The star symbol indicates data not available.</p

Expression of the <i>Pina</i> and <i>Pinb</i> genes in developing seeds of several wheat genotypes.

<p>a,b gene expression data at 14 and 30 days post anthesis (dpa), respectively; RPKM, reads per kilo base per million mapped reads. Details in brackets after genotype names on the X-axis indicates grain hardness index and endosperm texture of genotypes classified as hard (H) or soft (S) wheats. Genotypes with HI above 50 were classified as Hard. Wheat genotypes in each group are arranged left to right with respect to increasing hardness index. Boxes on the top indicate <i>Pin</i> alleles present in the genotypes. cDNA prepared from RNA extracted from developing wheat seeds at 14 DPA, was subjected to next generation sequencing. RNA-seq analysis was undertaken using CLC Genomic Workbench V8 to determine gene expression of <i>Pina</i> and <i>Pinb</i>. The star symbol indicates data not available.</p

Expression of the <i>Pinb-2</i>A, -2B, -2D genes in developing seeds of several wheat genotypes.

<p>a, b gene expression data at 14 and 30 days post anthesis (dpa) respectively; RPKM, reads per kilo base per million mapped reads. Boxes on the top indicate <i>Pin</i> alleles present in the genotypes. Details in brackets after genotype names on the X-axis indicates grain hardness index and endosperm texture of genotypes classified as hard (H) or soft (S) wheats. The asterisk indicates data not available.</p