The Multigeneic _Rhg1_ Locus: A Model For The Effects on Root Development, Nematode Resistance and Recombination Suppression.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) resistance to populations (HgType) of _Heterodera glycines I._, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), requires a functional allele at rhg1. An apoptosis-like response in the giant cells formed around the nematode results 24-48 h after feeding commences. This study aimed to identify the role of the three genes within the rhg1 locus, a receptor like kinase (RLK), a laccase and an ion anti-porter. Used were near isogeneic lines (NILs) that contrasted at their rhg1 alleles. Features of the rhg1 locus, the candidate genes and their nascent transcripts and proteins in roots were elucidated. First, evidence for a syntenic gene cluster was found and the effectiveness of SNP probes for distinguishing the homeolog sequence variant on linkage group (Lg) B1 from alleles at the rhg1 locus on Lg G was shown. Analysis of plant s heterozygous at rhg1 showed that the allele for resistance was dominant. The absence of recombination events among the NILs between the RLK and other 2 genes eliminated the possibility of a monogeneic rhg1 locus. Finally, an effect on root development was discovered. A model for multigeneic resistance based on developmental control of root growth including a mechanism for segregation distortion is presented

Summary of Coral Cay Conservation's habitat mapping data from Utila, Honduras

IIThe coral reefs of Honduras are of vital national and international importance,both ecologically and economically, but are threatened because of rapid economicand population growth.? During work on Utila between 1999 and 2000 (the ?Bay Islands 2000? project),Coral Cay Conservation developed a programme of surveys, training andconservation education aimed at assessing the status of local reefs and improvingenvironmental awareness amongst neighbouring communities.? This summary report provides an overview of the habitat mapping data collectedby the Bay Islands 2000 project.? CASA provided software, hardware and skills, on a charitable basis to ensure thatthe data collected by CCC could be developed into a GIS, not only for mappingthe status of the coral reefs of Honduras, but also to provide analysis of the aerialextent of these reefs.? Data were collected within individual ?study areas?, to facilitate analysis at a rangeof spatial scales, and utilised the CCC standard baseline survey technique for therapid assessment of the characteristics of reef communities. The surveys,therefore, utilised a series of transects, perpendicular to the reef.? Baseline transects discriminated nine benthic and six geomorpholgical classeswhich indicates Utila has a high habitat diversity. Habitat diversity is importantsince the number of habitat types has been shown to be a good representation ofspecies biodiversity.? The nine benthic classes that were distinguished were all relatively coral poorbecause of a suite of relatively long-term local and regional factors, exacerbatedby the combination of Hurricane Mitch and coral bleaching in 1995 and 1998.? Damselfish were the most abundant reef associated fish recorded during baselinetransect surveys. Commercially important fish were less abundant that wouldnormally be expected in unfished systems.? A recurring pattern in the baseline transect data was the greater abundance anddiversity of fish in coral rich classes. However, although the link between fishabundance and coral cover was clear, not all species were necessarily mostabundant in the most coral rich areas.? Invertebrates were generally uncommon, partly because of fishing pressure, andthe abundances of many invertebrate taxa were correlated with coral cover.? A habitat map is presented within this report as an indication of the distribution ofhabitat types around Utila.? Using the map, estimates of areal extents of each benthic class and habitat type areinstructive. For example, there is only approximately 27 km2 of reefal habitatsaround Utila. Furthermore, the area supporting the most coral rich benthic classesis only approximately 4 km2 (15%). These statistics both highlight the damagecaused by the bleaching event and Hurricane Mitch and other anthropogenicimpacts and the need to conserve remaining coral rich areas.? If further reserves were to be created, it would be important to try to protect arange of reef and habitat types. For this reason, it appears that the Turtle HarbourWildlife Refuge is well placed since this areas includes a wide range of habitattypes. However, placement of reserves in Utila should favour relatively coral richhabitats over sand dominated areas.? This study led to six recommendations:Summary Utila habitat mapping reportIII? One or more agencies should collect additional ground-truthing data fromaround Utila to facilitate both classification of currently ?Unknown? polygonsand an accuracy assessment of the map.? Establish an integrated GIS and associated meta-database for Utila, includingdata from the Bay Islands 2000 project.? Examine the potential of using data collected by the Bay Islands 2000 projectas the basis of national habitat classification scheme and subsequent nationalhabitat map.? Continue to aim to establish one or more additional multiple use marineprotected areas around Utila, with an integrated monitoring programme tomeasure their efficacy, and strengthen the enforcement of regulations in theTurtle Harbour Wildlife Sanctuary. Establish regulations, and enforce existinglegislation, to minimise the detrimental effects of coastal development on reefhealth.? Additional marine reserves in Utila should integrate factors such as thepreference of many fish species for coral rich habitats and the protection ofareas incorporating a range of habitat types, including mangroves and seagrassbeds, in order to allow for nursery areas, ontogenetic shifts and species thatrely on non-coral rich habitats. The corollary of the preference of fish speciesfor coral rich habitats is to protect coral cover within the reserves.? The reef on the south coast of Utila appears to be a good candidate forprotection because it is relatively sheltered from storm and hurricane damage

Exposure to NO2 in occupational built environments in urban centre in Lahore

Increased economic growth, urbanisation and substantial rise in automobile vehicles has contributed towards the elevated levels of air pollution in major cities in Pakistan. Aone week study was conducted by using passive samplers to assess NO2 concentration in occupational built environments at two most congested and populated sites of Lahore. Both sites were locatedon the busy roads of Lahore. At Site-I the highest concentration was in outdoors followed by corridor and indoor. While at Site II all the sampling location wereindoors and level were comparable to that of outdoor levelsat Site I. The results suggest the likely contribution of ambient sources in exposure to indoor NO2 in educational and other occupational built environments in urban centres

Mass transfer efficiency of a tall and low plate free area liquid pulsed sieve-plate extraction column

Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Chakwal group of industries for funding the project. Ms. Madiha, Ms. Zona, Mr. Sohaib, Mr. Abdullah, Mr. Mudassar, and Mr. Salahuddin also deserve our acknowledgements for their assistance in different ways.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Drop size in a liquid pulsed sieve-plate extraction column

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

On the Analysis of Device-to-Device Overlaid Cellular Networks in the Uplink under 3GPP Propagation Model

In this article we employ the third generation partnership project (3GPP) recommended path loss models for the analysis of cellular networks overlaid with D2D communication and channel inversion power control in the uplink. We characterize the coverage and average network throughput with the help of stochastic geometry. More specifically, we develop tractable expressions for the coverage in cellular and D2D modes. Our theoretical results differ significantly from previous work, which uses simple power law path loss models. The traditional methodology does not account for the presence of line-of-sight (LoS), non-line-of-sight (NLoS) and free space (FS) links. We demonstrate that such classification of links significantly impacts the inference which can be derived from the analysis for the design of overlaid D2D networks. In particular, we show that, contrary to the previous findings, the average throughput of the network does not saturate with the increase in the density of base stations (BS), but there exists an optimal mode selection threshold and BS density which maximizes the average throughput

On the Analysis of Cellular Networks with Caching and Coordinated Device-to-Device Communication

In this paper, we develop a comprehensive analytical framework for cellular networks that are enhanced with coordinated device-to-device (D2D) communication, where the D2D devices are equipped with content caching capabilities. The base station (BS) coordinates the D2D communication by establishing a D2D link between the requesting user and the nearest D2D helper within the same cell if the latter contains the requested content, otherwise, the BS serves the user itself. The motivation behind restricting D2D pairs within a macro cell is to make coordinated D2D communication realizable as the BS can keep track of the content of the devices without the increased overhead of inter-BS coordination. This approach is similar to LTE direct, where D2D pairing is managed by the BS. We model the locations of BS and D2D helpers using a homogeneous Poisson point process (HPPP). The distribution of the distance between the tagged user and its neighboring D2D helper within the cell is derived using disk approximation for the Voronoi cell, which is shown to be reasonably accurate. We fully characterize the cellular and D2D coverage and the link spectral efficiency of such a network. Our results reveal that cache enabled D2D communication becomes more effective as the requesting user moves away from the BS and high performance gains can be achieved compared to conventional cellular networks, especially when the popularity distribution is skewed and most popular files are requested

M2M meets D2D: Harnessing D2D Interfaces for the Aggregation of M2M Data

Direct device-to-device (D2D) communication presents as an effective technique to reduce the load at the base station (BS) while ensuring reliable localized communication. In this paper, we propose a large-scale M2M data Aggregation and Trunking (MAT) scheme, whereby the user equipments (UEs) aggregate M2M data from the nearby MTDs and trunk this data along with their own data to the BS in the cellular uplink. We develop a comprehensive stochastic geometry framework by considering a Poisson hard sphere model for UE coverage. The main motivation of this model is to capture the fact that a UE can gather data from short range, low-power MTDs located only in its close proximity while ensuring that an MTD is associated to at most one UE. We explore the inherent trade-off between the time reserved for aggregation and successful trunking of data to the BS and compare our results with the baseline case where no aggregation mechanism is used. We show that while the baseline case of connecting a bulk of MTDs directly with the BS is prohibitive, MAT scheme can efficiently gather data from selected MTDs in a distributed manner

Pengaruh Keputusan Investasi, Keputusan Pendanaan, dan Kebijakan Deviden terhadap Nilai Perusahaan

Optimization of corporate value is obtained, among others, by implementingfinancial management functions, in which a financial decision affects the others, whicheventually affects the corporate value. financial management closely relates to criticaldecisionsmaking taken by the firm. This research aimed to analyze the effect of investment,funding decisions and dividend policy on the manufacture firm value listed in theIndonesia Stock Exchange.Samples were collected from 25 manufacture firms listed in the Indonesia StockExchange for the period of 2007-2010. To be included into the study samples, the firm hadto fulfill the criterion required. This research applied an Ordinary Least Square (OLS) testto find out the effects of investment decisions, funding decisions, and dividend policy on thecorporate value.The study resulted in a positive and significant effect of the investment decisionsand funding decisions on the corporate value. The positive effect explained that the higherthe invesment and funding decisions, the higher the corporate value. Howover, dividendpolicy had a negative insignificant effect on the corporate value