Geographical differences in <i>Pvama1</i> sequences across DI only.

<p>Pairwise F_ST values between Venezuelan sequences presented here and other sites only are highlighted. ^a = 1996 villages, N = 28; ^b = 1997 villages, N = 12; ^c = Koshirowetheri 1997 only, N = 33; ¹ = all Venezuela data irrespective of village, N = 73; ² = <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003366#pone.0003366-Gunasekera1" target="_blank">[15]</a>; ³ = <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003366#pone.0003366-Cheng1" target="_blank">[33]</a>; ⁴ = <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003366#pone.0003366-Figtree1" target="_blank">[34]</a>; ⁵ = <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003366#pone.0003366-Rajesh1" target="_blank">[35]</a>; Sample sizes available are shown in parenthesis after each location; Significant difference (P<0.05) indicated by bold underline. Slightly negative numbers, indicated by italics, are biologically meaningless and are equivalent to F_ST = 0.000.</p

Graphical representation of the distributions of the <i>Pvama1</i> and <i>Pfama1</i> allele frequencies from the Venezuelan Amazon.

<p>A. Distribution of 18 <i>Pvama1</i> haplotypes across surveys in 1996 and 1997. Sequences from the additional village sampled in 1997 (Koshiro) are presented separately from those of the villages sampled in both surveys. B. Haplotype frequency distribution for <i>Pfama1</i> and <i>Pvama1</i> from the 1996 survey only.</p

Within-population analyses of <i>Pvama</i>1 and <i>Pfama</i>1 from the Venezuelan Amazon.

<p>^* = 0.10>P>0.05; ^** = P>0.10; ^*** = P<0.02.</p>†<p> = Effective population size, <i>Ne</i>, = C/4<i>r</i>, where <i>r</i> is the recombination rate and <i>r</i> of <i>P. falciparum</i> is used for all, approximately 6×10⁻⁷, as the recombination rate for <i>P. vivax</i> has not yet been determined (Joy <i>et al.</i>, 2006).</p

McDonald-Kreitman analyses of <i>Pvama</i>1 and <i>Pfama</i>1.

1<p> = Neutrality index indicates the extent to which the levels of amino acid polymorphism depart from the expected in the neutral model.</p>2<p> = Fisher's exact test.</p><p>*0.001</p

Sliding window plots of Tajima's D and Fu and Li's F* for <i>Pvama</i>1 and <i>Pfama</i>1.

<p>A and B – <i>Pvama1</i>; C and D – <i>Pfama1</i>. Midpoints where the sequence significantly departs from zero (P<0.05) are shown as solid points. Domains, DI, DII, DIII, are marked.</p

Geographical differences in <i>Pvama1</i> and <i>Pfama1</i> sequences across all domains.

<p>Pairwise F_ST values between Venezuelan sequences and other sites are highlighted. Sample sizes are in parenthesis. ¹ = all Venezuela <i>Pvama1</i>data from both 1996 and 1997; ² = all Venezuela <i>Pfama1</i> data from 1996 only; ² = <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003366#pone.0003366-Gunasekera1" target="_blank">[15]</a>; ³ = <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003366#pone.0003366-Rajesh1" target="_blank">[35]</a> one sequence was ignored in the whole gene and DI analysis as it was not full length; ⁴ = <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003366#pone.0003366-Polley2" target="_blank">[19]</a>; ⁵ = <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003366#pone.0003366-Polley1" target="_blank">[18]</a>. Significant difference (P<0.05) indicated by bold text. Slightly negative numbers, indicated by italics, are biologically meaningless and are equivalent to F_ST = 0.000.</p

Linkage disequilibrium indices of <i>Pvama</i>1 and <i>Pfama</i>1.

<p>Linkage disequilibrium plots of D' and R² for <i>Pvama1</i> (Graphs A and B) and <i>Pfama1</i> (Graphs C and D). Sites with significant linkage (P<0.05) are shown as solid circles; non-significant sites are shown as for <i>Pvama1</i> only. No non-significant sites for <i>Pfama1</i> were found.</p

PCR primers and conditions.

*<p>(Polley & Conway, 2001).</p

Socio-demographic and rheumatic characteristics of participants.

Socio-demographic and rheumatic characteristics of participants.</p

Code list: Themes, codes, and illustrative quotes related to experiences of physical impact.

Code list: Themes, codes, and illustrative quotes related to experiences of physical impact.</p