A retrospective review of PID amongst women seen in GOPC and their immediate outcomes at a health facility in Nigeria between 2007-2017

Background: Women suffering from Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) are at higher risk of infertility, regular/prolonged hospitalization making this disease a clinical and public health issue. This study aimed to investigate the reported cases of PID, associated factors and drug management of this condition by clinicians.Design: Patients records within the study period were obtained from the medical records unit of the central secondary health to extract relevant information of all the patients diagnosed with PID.Results: Results showed that 57 (41.6%) women were within the age range of 26 and 35 years. Also, 69 (50.4%) women were diagnosed with PID for the second time. The results showed that Chlamydia trachomatis was the most isolated organism while vaginal candidiasis (13.1%) was the most frequent co-infection. Metronidazole (68%), doxycycline (67%) and ciprofloxacin (54%) were the foremost prescribed.Conclusions: High recurrent cases of PID observed in this study calls for investigation into probable drug resistance development and patients’ education. Finally, the observed high prevalence of PID the adolescent age group necessitates public health education in the inherent dangers of early sexual activities

Assessment Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Locally Smoked Fish Sold In Lagos Markets

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known widespread contaminants which represent an important group of carcinogens. This study reports the concentrations of PAHs in smoked fishes locally sold in two markets in Lagos state, Nigeria. The amounts of PAHs present in the samples were quantified using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The total concentration of PAHs detected in each sample are 127.5, 86.06, 58.39 and 101.58 μg/kg dry weight for the following fish species respectively; Scomberomorus tritor, Tilapia guinensis, Ilisha africana and Clarias gariepinnus. Benzo[a]pyrene was present in all the samples and the concentration exceeds the permissible limit of 5.0 μg/kg except in one of the fish species. The abundance of high molecular weight PAHs in three of the fish species suggests that pyrolysis was the method used in the smoking process. From the maximum limit set by the European Commission for the sum of PAH, only S. tritor exceeded the 30 μg/kg limit with 54.68 μg/kg present

Trace and major elements distribution in coastal sediment cores from Lagos Lagoon,Nigeria

Heavymetalscontaminationinaquaticecosystemshasbeena majorconcern,however,noinformationisavailableaboutthe concentrations, depthdistributionsandecologicalrisksofheavy metals insedimentscoresfrommicrotidallagoonalecosystemin Lagos, Nigeria.Foursedimentcoreswerecollectedusinga 50 cm × 3.5 cmWildco®handcorer.Elementaldeterminations werecarriedoutusingtheMicrowavePlasmaAtomicEmission Spectrometry (4200MP-AES)afterextraction.Theconcentrations of heavymetalsinthesedimentcoresindicatedenhanceddegree of contaminationinfluenced byanthropogenicdischargesespe- cially industrialeffluents. Verticaldepthdistributionsindicated varieddepositionalperiodslargelycontrolledbyincreasing anthropogenicland-basedactivities.Theremarkablemetalpollu- tion ofcoresedimentsraisestheconcernpotentialsourcesof metals tothelagoonalecosystemandecologicalriskstothebiota, humans, andtheenvironment.Theresultsofelementalcon- centrations shouldbeconsideredasbaselinedataforheavymetals in sedimentsintheregion

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in imported Sardinops sagax: Levels and health risk assessments through dietary exposure in Nigeria

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurrence and assessment of dietary exposure from imported canned sardines (Sardinops sagax) commercially marketed in local stores and supermarkets in Nigeria were evaluated for the first time. PAHs determinations were performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Agilent 1290 model) equipped with UV-VIS diodes array detector (DAD) at l = 210 nm and 214 nm. The percentage recoveries were higher than 96%. The degree of contamination expressed as total concentration of PAH congeners ranged between 2.53 and 35.55 mg kg�1 dry weight (d. w.) at l = 210 nm, and 1.30 and 27.93 mg kg�1 (d.w.) at l = 214 nm. The carcinogenic (TEQBaP) and mutagenic toxicities (MEQBaP) of eight priority PAHs were evaluated. Benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b] fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d] pyrene contributed significantly to the total carcinogenic equivalents of PAHs. The mutagenic equivalents were largely dominated by chrysene, benzo [b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene equivalence factors. The estimated lifetime average daily dose (LADD), average annual excess risk (AR), excess cancer rate (ECR), and hazard quotient risk (HQ) were evaluated for adults, children and preteens exposure related risks. The LADD, ECR, AR and HQ of PAHs for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks are relatively higher in preteens than children and adults

Adsorption properties of Azadirachta indica extract on corrosion of Aluminium in 1.85 M Hydrochloric acid

The crude extract of Azadirachta indica was used in the corrosion inhibition study of aluminium metal coupons in 1.85 M hydrochloric acid environment by gasometric technique. The coupons were immersed in test solutions of uninhibited 1.85 M HCl and those containing extract concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% (v/v) at room temperature. The rate of the reaction was captured by monitoring the volume of hydrogen gas evolved as a result of the interaction. The inhibition efficiency of the extracts and the adsorption isotherm of the process were calculated using Frumkin, Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin adsorption theories and the surface morphology studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was observed that the plant extract retarded the acid induced corrosion of aluminium and the volume of hydrogen gas evolved reduced with increasing extract concentration. The adsorption studies revealed that Langmuir isotherm is the best model for the adsorption of Azadirachta indica (R2 = 0.999) on aluminium surface. This implied that the Azadirachta indica extracts with aluminium metal undergoes chemisorption

Development and Evaluation of New Indices for Sediment-associated Contaminants.

New indices (modified hazard quotient, mHQ and ecological contamination index, ECI) are developed for evaluating sediment-associated heavy metals contamination. In evaluating the proposed indices, the concentration and chemical fractionation of five heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb) determined in benthic sediments from five tropical ecosystems off the Bight of Bonny were used to assess the degree of contamination and estimate the extent of anthropogenic inputs from industrial activities into these ecosystems. The analysis shows that the mean concentrations (mg/kg, dw) of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb vary from 4.33 – 5.67, 11.12 – 28.52, 30.26 – 43.72, 2.02 – 2.60 and 162.0 – 190.37, respectively. An important observation is that the mean metal levels during the wet and dry seasons did not show significant variability at all sites. The spatial distribution and severity of sediment-associated contamination by heavy metals based on the developed indices (mHQ and ECI) are in the descending sequence: Cd>Pb>Cu>Cr>Ni. Hence, the observed trend is in good agreement with existing pollution indices. Contamination severity index, mean hazard quotients and modified risk assessment code are also used to identify the pollution hotspots, which reflect medium risk contamination ecological systems. Aquatic pollution indicators (potential contamination index, ECI, hazard quotients, and mHQ) reveal significant anthropogenic contamination of Cd and Pb in the sediments, while Cr, Cu and Ni show relatively low degree of contamination. PCI generally follows the sequence Cd>Pb>Cu>Cr>Ni. Principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis indicate that heavy metals in the benthic sediments originate mostly from anthropogenic sources

Evaluation of the Chemical Composition of Soil at E-waste Blazing Sites in Computer Village, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria

The evaluation of open blazing of electronic waste on the chemical composition of three different soil where e-waste were regularly being burnt with control samples at various distances away from each blazing site at computer village, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cr, Zn, Cd and Cu from the three locations were found to be 120.3±0.4, 18.7±1.3, 90.3±0.4, 16.4±0.5 and 60.3±2.0 mg/kg respectively. There was gradual decrease in heavy metals concentrations at various distances away from each blazing site as the distances increase which suggested that there were leaching of these heavy metals from ewaste containing substances. Pearson correlation revealed that some of the heavy metals showed both positive and negative correlations with each other. When compared with standard values, only cadmium exceeded the tolerable limit recommended by European Union and USEPA. Thus, open blazing of e-waste contributed to the concentrations of these heavy metals in the soils