"Decision Making in Europe: Were Spain and Poland Right to Stop the Constitution in December 2003?"

This paper tries to explain why Spain and Poland stopped the Draft Constitution for the European Union in December 2003 and discusses whether this action was compatible with these countries long term interests. The author finds that the decline in power – measured by a power index – arising for Spain and Poland when going from the Nice Treaty to the Draft Constitution cannot explain their veto. While the two countries lose power when shifting from Nice to the Draft Constitution other countries’ power shrinks even more. Other measures - passage probability, blocking leverage and fairness - cannot explain the two countries’ opposition either. This paper contends that the Spanish and Polish rejection can be explained by the weakness of government in the Polish and the need for a reelection topic in the Spanish case. Furthermore this paper asserts that the Spanish and Polish government’s veto was against the medium and long term interest of their own countries. Poland and Spain must have been able to anticipate that the Nice Treaty would not last due to most EU countries’ dislike of it. An analysis of reasonable alternative voting schemes in the EU finds that Spain and Poland would not have been better off in any of these cases and worse off in most; under the voting rules agreed upon under the Irish presidency in June 2004 the two countries are weaker than under the Draft Constitution

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PENSIUNAN NOTARIS YANG TIDAK MENYERAHKAN PROTOKOL

Notaris yang dalam menjalankan jabatannya telah berumur 65 tahun secara otomatis berhenti dari tugas jabatannya sesuai pasal 8 UUJN dan dapat diperpanjang sampai berumur 67 tahun. Pensiunan notaris harus menyelesaikan akta-akta yang telah dibuatnya dan wajib melaksankan kegiatan protokol notaris yang tertib dan benar meliputi pembuatan, penyimpanan dan pemeliharaan sebelum diserahkan kepada notaris penerima protokol. Permasalahan yang diajukan yaitu bagaimana tanggungjawab pensiunan notaris yang tidak menyerahkan protokol dan bagaimana peran Majelis Pengawas Daerah atas protokol yang tidak diserahkan pensiunan notaris. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis tanggung jawab pensiunan notaris yang tidak menyerahkan protokolnya dan menganalisis peran Majelis Pengawas Daerah terhadap pensiunan notaris yang tidak menyerahkan protokol notaris Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode yuridis empiris. Spesifikasi penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif analitis. teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi lapangan dan studi kepustakaan. Metode analisis data, data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini diolah dan dianalisis dengan metode analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah tanggungjawab pensiunan notaris yang tidak menyerahkan protokolnya di wilayah Jakarta Pusat masih kurang terhadap protokol yang belum diserahkan kepada penerima protokol notaris disebabkan adanya minuta akta yang tidak sempurna, penjilidan akta dan pencatatan dalam buku daftar yang belum lengkap, sarana dan prasarana yang belum memadai. Peran Majelis Pengawas Daerah atas protokol yang tidak diserahkan pensiunan notaris diwilayah Jakarta Pusat bersifat pasif dalam menjalankan kewenangannya untuk mengambil protokol notaris sebagaimana disebutkan dalam Pasal 63 ayat (6). Majelis Pengawas Daerah juga berperan dalam penerapan sanksi yang diatur dalam pasal 85 UUJN, sebagai salah satu sarana pembinaan terhadap notaris yang melakukan pelanggaran, namun dalam pelaksanaan penyerahan protokol penerapan sanksi tersebut belum sepenuhnya dijalankan. Majelis Pengawas Daerah Jakarta Pusat sampai saat ini baru melakukan penerapan sanksi berupa teguran lisan kepada pensiunan notaris yang tidak atau belum melaksanaan penyerahan protokol notaris. Saran dari penelitian ini adalah Pensiunan notaris harus menyiapkan protokol notaris dengan baik dan sempurna sesuai dengan UUJN, dan menunjuk notaris lain untuk pemegang protokolnya

Ultrasonic treatment with nickel electroplating combined with oxidation for developing γ-Al2O3 washcoat on Fe-Cr-Al substrate

Fe-Cr-Al is used as metallic support for catalytic converter due to its high thermal conductivity, lower heat capacity, high temperature and mechanical shock resistance. γ-Al2O3 is the most widely used material as washcoat which embedded on metallic support for the catalytic converter application. The problem is the coating adhesion between the metallic support and the ceramic washcoat becomes a problem in long�term high temperature oxidation. On the other hand, the gamma phase of alumina will be transformed to alpha phase at high temperature. The ultrasonic technique via cavitation bubbles and high velocity can make surface deformation and also accelerate the γ-Al2O3 powders to bombardment occurred on the Fe-Cr-Al surface. This process generates sufficiently heat and γ-Al2O3 layer can be formed on the Fe�Cr-Al surface. Subsequently, electroplating process embeds the nickel and also can strengthen the adhesion when oxidized. Therefore, this work presents the ultrasonic treatment with nickel electroplating for developing γ-Al2O3 washcoat on Fe-Cr-Al substrate and oxidation treatment for catalytic converter application. Washcoat layer on Fe-Cr-Al was prepared by using γ-Al2O3 powders through ultrasonic treatment. Catalyst material was prepared by using nickel electroplating. The oxidation kinetics was conducted at temperatures of 500, 700, 900 and 1100 oC in air for 100 hours. The surface morphology, cross section analysis, chemical composition, elemental maps and phase structure of coated Fe-Cr-Al were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) respectively. The results showed that the surface of Fe-Cr-Al contained γ-Al2O3 powders after ultrasonic treatment. The layer of alumina oxide has been formed on coated Fe-Cr-Al and no spallation occurred after oxidation. It is prove that γ-Al2O3 washcoat and NiO as a catalyst have successfully embedded on Fe-Cr-Al substrate by ultrasonic treatment combined with nickel electroplating at long term high temperature oxidation that enhance the adhesive properly

Deconstructing and reconstructing professionalism: the 'professional' demands of the PCET teacher education programme in the UK

Professionalism has assumed the level of obligation in both the training and practice of teachers in the Lifelong Sector (LLS) in the UK. Responding to the demands of professionalism has been seen both by teachers and trainees as a source of tension and distress. In effect, many practitioners and trainees in the field have become less enthusiastic and less attracted to work in the field because of the culture of performativity that some elements of professional demand attract and in some cases, fail to see themselves as professionals. This paper responds to this situation in two ways. First, it offers a new construct of understanding the multiple demands of ‘professionalism’ which categorises elements of professionalism into three categories of subject knowledge, pedagogical and procedural professionalism. Second, it reports the findings of a small pilot research on the disposition of trainee teachers towards the professionalism module of their training programmes. Though only a pilot study, the research found a paradoxical relationship between trainees and professionalism as trainees felt less like professionals because of the demands and imposition of conditions of procedural professionalism. Also, the pilot study established that among the group investigated, the major source of tension and distress is the demand of procedural professionalism. Finally, the study suggests that trainees are better able to accommodate the demands through appropriate classification that is offered by the new construct

Management Awareness and Strategies for the Contemporary African Manager of Organizations

This paper addresses a topical issue: management awareness and strategies for the contemporary African manager. The overall aim of the work is to provide a framework for improved management practices for the manager and the intervener in both private and public sectors. This frame-work is not limited to the African manager but has a wider application for other managers of organizations. In pursuant of this objective, relevant key management concepts are explored and discussed bearing in mind that the subject of management is a dynamic and universal phenomenon. Emphasis is placed on the features of the endowed person and the potentials of the human being as the manager and as the most effective contributor to organizational life.The identified concepts and their properties are interwoven. Other highlights are: (i) the universality in the applications or practices of management; (ii) the peculiarity in the applications and practices of management in different environments or social settings; (iii) management practices, problems and prospects in the African settings (See Table I). Cases cited and examples drawn are meant inter alia to strengthen the objectives of the study

The Glasgow 2014 Games: Regeneration and Physical Activity Legacy

Both the Scottish Government and Glasgow City Council expressed an intention to use the 2014 Commonwealth Games to inspire more citizens to become physically active. This report looks at the prospect of this being achieved in the East End of Glasgow, which served as the 'host' community for the Games, and was an area particularly identified as potentially benefitting from legacy.<p></p> In order to conduct the evaluation of physical activity legacy prospects in Glasgow's East End, we reviewed the major legacy programmes from the CWG in order to identify initiatives which are intended by their sponsors to support increased levels of physical activity. Following this, we used policy documents and stakeholder interviews to understand the mechanisms through which the programmes were intended to work. As a result, we identified 39 legacy programmes relevant to a sports and physical activity legacy, which we have divided into four legacy pathways: sports facilities; social infrastructure; schools; and environment.<p></p> Pathway One - Sports Facilities: This pathway includes programmes relating to investment in new and improved sports and leisure facilities, so that people have the opportunity to take more exercise.<p></p> Pathway Two - Social Infrastructure: This pathway relates to the development of social infrastructure through sports clubs, events, coaching and volunteers in order to stimulate grassroots participation.<p></p> Pathway Three - Schools: This pathway includes programmes which involve schools in order to promote greater levels of physical activity for children.<p></p> Pathway Four - Environment: This pathway covers programmes which aim to supporting physical activity and active travel through better-designed local environments.<p></p> The report combines the information gathered on the legacy programmes with evidence from the 2012 GoWell East survey to present an assessment of the prospects for each of the four legacy pathways.<p></p&gt

Ethnicity: GoWell in the East End: Ethnicity in the Baseline Survey

In 2012, GoWell East conducted a community survey around the main Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games sites in the East End of the city. This survey was planned as part of a longer-term evaluation of the impacts of the Games for the host community in the East End of Glasgow.  This ‘Ethnicity’ report is part of a set of four ‘Equalities’ reports, designed to provide a baseline of differences between various equalities groups prior to the Games, in relation to the Scottish Government’s four legacy themes: Active; Flourishing; Connected; and Sustainable. Three other reports examine equality issues relating to gender, longstanding illness and disability and household type