Diversitas dan Distribusi Alga Merah (Rhodophyta) di Perairan Pulau Ternate

Red algae (Rhodophyta) are low-level plants that generally grow attached to certain substrates such as coral, mud, sand, rocks and other massive objects. This type of algae take nutrients from the substrate by diffusion through the walls from its thallus. This alga prefers habitat of clear waters that have substrate base of coral, dead coral, volcanic rocks or massive objects. Red algae can be found in intertidal, subtidal to coastal areas with strong waves and currents as well as in mangrove area. This study aims to determine the diversity and distribution patterns and associations of red algae in seagrass ecosystems and coastal coral reefs of Ternate Island. The method used in this study is a descriptive method with sampling by line-transect quadrat (1x1 meter). The sampling locations were divided into three stations. Data were analyzed descriptively and the number of red algae (Rhodophyta) found at each station was included in a distribution map based on depth and density index. The results showed that the total number of individuals found at the three stations was 33, where ST II dominated with 12 with an average of 3 individuals per depth. Distribution of individuals per depth at ST II was highest at a depth of 10 m with 4 individuals, followed by a depth of 5 and 15 m each with 3 individuals, a depth of 25 m was 1 individual, and no individual was found at 20 m depth. Substrate type at a depth of 10 m was dominated by coral and sandy fractures that could support well the growth and development of red algae.  Alga merah (Rhodophyta) merupakan tumbuhan tingkat rendah yang umumnya tumbuh melekat pada substrat tertentu seperti pada karang, lumpur, pasir, batu dan benda keras lainnya. Salah satu alga yang penting untuk diteliti adalah alga merah (Rhodophyta). Jenis alga ini mengambil nutrisi dari substrat secara difusi melalui dinding thallus-nya sedangkan habitatnya adalah perairan jernih yang mempunyai substrat dasar batu karang, batuan vulkanik dan benda-benda yang bersifat massive yang berada di dasar perairan. Alga merah dapat ditemukan pada daerah intertidal, subtidal sampai daerah tubir dengan ombak besar dan arus deras serta di hutan mangrove. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui diversitas dan pola sebaran serta asosiasi alga merah pada ekosistem lamun dan terumbu karang pesisir Pulau Ternate. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan pengambilan sampel secara line transek kuadrat (1x1 meter). Lokasi pengambilan sampel dibedakan menjadi tiga stasiun. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan jumlah alga merah (Rhodophyta) yang ditemukan pada setiap stasiun di tuangkan dalam peta distribusi berdasarkan data kedalaman serta indeks kepadatannya.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa total individu yang ditemukan pada ketiga stasiun adalah sebanyak 33, dimana pada ST II mendominasi dengan jumlah 12 dengan rata-rata perkedalaman adalah 3 individu. Sebaran individu perkedalaman ST II terbanyak pada kedalaman 10 m sebanyak 4 individu, diikuti kedalaman 5 dan 15 m masing-masing adalah 3 individu, kedalaman 25 m sebanyak 1 individu, sedangkan pada kedalaman 20 m tidak ditemukan. Tipe pada kedalam 10 m didominasi oleh patahan karang dan berpasir dimana pada kondisi substrat tersebut dapat mendukung pertumbuhan dan perkembangan alga merah.

IMMUNOSTIMULATORY EFFECT OF FATTY ACID FROM STAR FISH (ACANTHASTER PLANCI) ON LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION IN-VITRO

The aims of this study were to investigate lymphocyte proliferation activity and to identify chemical constituents of active fractions of star fish Acanthaster planci. A. planci was collected from Ternate Island, North Moluccas, extracted with distilled methanol and water, partitioned with gradient chloroform-hexane-methanol-water and fractionated in column chromatography using silica gel and hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol. The active compound had been purified by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The lymphocyte proliferation activity was measured based on % Stimulation Index (SI) from sample absorbency and control absorbency. The result showed that the 3 fractions of hexane fraction exhibited lymphocyte proliferation activity. Fraction 1 was able to increase lymphocyte proliferation at 48 hours and 72 hours by 55% (80 µl/ml) and 88% (160 µl/ml) increase, and fraction 2 had 77% (160 µl/ml) and 86% (640 µl/ml) increase. Meanwhile, fraction 3 had 75% (640 µl/ml) and 89% (640 µl/ml) increase. Metabolite analysis of active fraction using GC-MS yielded a number of chemical constituents that was dominated by fatty acid. The study concluded that star fish A. planci from Ternate Island has a potential source of immunostimulator

Sustainability status of ecotourism-based seagrass ecosystem management on Maitara Island. Indonesia

Seagrass ecotourism is a tourism activity based on seagrass ecosystem as an educational tour by seeing the ecology of seagrass meadows and associated biota. Conservation awareness and improving community welfare, seagrass ecotourism is a nature-based tourism strategy with the aim of environmental conservation and containing aspects of community education and culture. Determining the sustainability status of seagrass ecosystem management is very important as a basis for future policy planning. The sustainability of seagrass ecosystems needs to be protected, so a policy strategy is applied in sustainable seagrass ecosystem management. The objectives of the study are: 1) determining the sustainability status of ecotourism-based seagrass ecosystem management based on ecological, economic and social dimensions, 2) determining the policy strategy for ecotourism-based seagrass ecosystem management. The results of the study obtained the sustainability status of ecotourism-based seagrass ecosystem management based on ecological dimensions is quite sustainable while the economic and social dimensions are less sustainable. The strategy for sustainable policy for managing seagrass ecosystems based on ecotourism on Maitara Island, Tidore Islands, namely education about seagrass ecosystems for the community, managing seagrass ecosystems based on ecotourism, increasing seagrass rehabilitation programs, maximum limits for carrying capacity of seagrass ecotourism, training for developing managers of seagrass ecotourism based on ecosystems, increasing job opportunities and business opportunities, legality of seagrass areas as conservation areas in the tourism utilization zone category and strengthening laws and institutions.Keywords:analysismultidimensionalsmall islandsustainabilitytouris

Diversitas dan Distribusi Alga Merah (Rhodophyta) di Perairan Pulau Ternate

Red algae (Rhodophyta) are low-level plants that generally grow attached to certain substrates such as coral, mud, sand, rocks and other massive objects. This type of algae take nutrients from the substrate by diffusion through the walls from its thallus. This alga prefers habitat of clear waters that have substrate base of coral, dead coral, volcanic rocks or massive objects. Red algae can be found in intertidal, subtidal to coastal areas with strong waves and currents as well as in mangrove area. This study aims to determine the diversity and distribution patterns and associations of red algae in seagrass ecosystems and coastal coral reefs of Ternate Island. The method used in this study is a descriptive method with sampling by line-transect quadrat (1x1 meter). The sampling locations were divided into three stations. Data were analyzed descriptively and the number of red algae (Rhodophyta) found at each station was included in a distribution map based on depth and density index. The results showed that the total number of individuals found at the three stations was 33, where ST II dominated with 12 with an average of 3 individuals per depth. Distribution of individuals per depth at ST II was highest at a depth of 10 m with 4 individuals, followed by a depth of 5 and 15 m each with 3 individuals, a depth of 25 m was 1 individual, and no individual was found at 20 m depth. Substrate type at a depth of 10 m was dominated by coral and sandy fractures that could support well the growth and development of red algae.  Alga merah (Rhodophyta) merupakan tumbuhan tingkat rendah yang umumnya tumbuh melekat pada substrat tertentu seperti pada karang, lumpur, pasir, batu dan benda keras lainnya. Salah satu alga yang penting untuk diteliti adalah alga merah (Rhodophyta). Jenis alga ini mengambil nutrisi dari substrat secara difusi melalui dinding thallus-nya sedangkan habitatnya adalah perairan jernih yang mempunyai substrat dasar batu karang, batuan vulkanik dan benda-benda yang bersifat massive yang berada di dasar perairan. Alga merah dapat ditemukan pada daerah intertidal, subtidal sampai daerah tubir dengan ombak besar dan arus deras serta di hutan mangrove. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui diversitas dan pola sebaran serta asosiasi alga merah pada ekosistem lamun dan terumbu karang pesisir Pulau Ternate. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan pengambilan sampel secara line transek kuadrat (1x1 meter). Lokasi pengambilan sampel dibedakan menjadi tiga stasiun. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan jumlah alga merah (Rhodophyta) yang ditemukan pada setiap stasiun di tuangkan dalam peta distribusi berdasarkan data kedalaman serta indeks kepadatannya.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa total individu yang ditemukan pada ketiga stasiun adalah sebanyak 33, dimana pada ST II mendominasi dengan jumlah 12 dengan rata-rata perkedalaman adalah 3 individu. Sebaran individu perkedalaman ST II terbanyak pada kedalaman 10 m sebanyak 4 individu, diikuti kedalaman 5 dan 15 m masing-masing adalah 3 individu, kedalaman 25 m sebanyak 1 individu, sedangkan pada kedalaman 20 m tidak ditemukan. Tipe pada kedalam 10 m didominasi oleh patahan karang dan berpasir dimana pada kondisi substrat tersebut dapat mendukung pertumbuhan dan perkembangan alga merah. </jats:p

Action of Ergost-7-en-3- ol from (Acanthaster planci) stimulation of activity peritoneal macrophages

An is a compound capable of influencing the human immune system because it can maintain and restore the balance of the immune system by stimulating the immune system through phagocytosis, the complement system, IgA antibody secretion, the release of interferon α and γ, T and B lymphocytes, specific antibody systems, and cytokines. Immunomodulators can be obtained from natural sources, one of which is Acanthaster planci, which is one of the marine organisms that has important bioactive substances that can act as immunomodulators. The purpose of this research is to determine the immunomodulatory activity of chloroform fractions FrKl3.1.3.1 and FrKl3.1.3.2 and to identify the immunomodulatory compounds from the chloroform fraction FrKl3.1.3.1 of A. planci. The results of the study showed that the macrophage test of the FrKl3.1.3.1 fraction had higher activity compared to FrKl3.1.3.2, while the spectroscopic data analysis results showed that UV-VIS had a maximum absorption at a wavelength (λmax) of 240 nm, FTIR data (cm-1) showed the presence of hydroxyl (-OH) groups, alkene groups (double bonds (C=C)), and aliphatic C-H groups. The 1H-NMR data (CDCl3, 500 MHz) showed six methane groups, ten aliphatic methylene groups (-CH2-), nine geminal methylene groups, one methylene group with a double bond, and 13C-NMR and DEPT 135 data (CDCl3, 125 MHz) indicated that the A. planci FrKl3.1.3.1 fraction had 28 carbon atoms consisting of six methyl (-CH3) carbon atoms, ten methylene (-CH2) carbon atoms, and nine methine (-CH-) carbon atoms. From the spectroscopic analysis data, it is known that the chloroform fraction of A. planci FrKl3.1.3.1 is ergost-7-en-3-ol compound

Action of Ergost-7-en-3- ol from (Acanthaster planci) stimulation of activity peritoneal macrophages

An is a compound capable of influencing the human immune system because it can maintain and restore the balance of the immune system by stimulating the immune system through phagocytosis, the complement system, IgA antibody secretion, the release of interferon α and γ, T and B lymphocytes, specific antibody systems, and cytokines. Immunomodulators can be obtained from natural sources, one of which is Acanthaster planci, which is one of the marine organisms that has important bioactive substances that can act as immunomodulators. The purpose of this research is to determine the immunomodulatory activity of chloroform fractions FrKl3.1.3.1 and FrKl3.1.3.2 and to identify the immunomodulatory compounds from the chloroform fraction FrKl3.1.3.1 of A. planci. The results of the study showed that the macrophage test of the FrKl3.1.3.1 fraction had higher activity compared to FrKl3.1.3.2, while the spectroscopic data analysis results showed that UV-VIS had a maximum absorption at a wavelength (λmax) of 240 nm, FTIR data (cm-1) showed the presence of hydroxyl (-OH) groups, alkene groups (double bonds (C=C)), and aliphatic C-H groups. The 1H-NMR data (CDCl3, 500 MHz) showed six methane groups, ten aliphatic methylene groups (-CH2-), nine geminal methylene groups, one methylene group with a double bond, and 13C-NMR and DEPT 135 data (CDCl3, 125 MHz) indicated that the A. planci FrKl3.1.3.1 fraction had 28 carbon atoms consisting of six methyl (-CH3) carbon atoms, ten methylene (-CH2) carbon atoms, and nine methine (-CH-) carbon atoms. From the spectroscopic analysis data, it is known that the chloroform fraction of A. planci FrKl3.1.3.1 is ergost-7-en-3-ol compound